Introduction
Diverticulitis is a condition where small pouches (diverticula) that form in the wall of the colon become inflamed or infected. These pouches are common, especially in older adults, and the presence of diverticula without inflammation is called diverticulosis. When these pouches become inflamed or infected, it leads to diverticulitis, which can cause significant abdominal pain and other symptoms.
Causes
Diverticulitis occurs when one or more diverticula become blocked with stool or undigested food, leading to inflammation or infection. Risk factors include:
- Aging (diverticula are more common as people get older)
- Low-fiber diet
- Lack of physical activity
- Obesity
- Smoking
- Certain medications (such as NSAIDs, steroids, or opioids)
Symptoms
Symptoms of diverticulitis can range from mild to severe and may include:
- Sudden, persistent pain in the lower left abdomen (most common)
- Fever and chills
- Nausea and vomiting
- Constipation or, less commonly, diarrhea
- Bloating
- Tenderness in the abdomen
In severe cases, complications such as abscesses, perforation, or peritonitis can occur.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis is based on:
- Medical history and physical examination (checking for abdominal tenderness)
- Blood tests to look for signs of infection or inflammation
- Imaging studies, such as a CT scan, to confirm the diagnosis and assess the severity
Treatment Options
Treatment depends on the severity of the diverticulitis:
- Mild cases: Can often be managed at home with rest, a clear liquid diet, and antibiotics prescribed by a healthcare provider.
- Moderate to severe cases: May require hospitalization for intravenous antibiotics, fluids, and pain management.
- Complicated cases: Surgery may be needed if there is an abscess, perforation, or other serious complications.
After recovery, a high-fiber diet is usually recommended to help prevent future episodes.
Prevention
To help prevent diverticulitis:
- Eat a diet high in fiber (fruits, vegetables, whole grains)
- Drink plenty of fluids
- Exercise regularly
- Maintain a healthy weight
- Avoid smoking
When to Seek Medical Care
Seek medical attention if you experience:
- Severe or persistent abdominal pain
- Fever and chills
- Nausea and vomiting that does not improve
- Blood in the stool
- Signs of complications, such as sudden worsening of pain or symptoms of shock
Takeaway
Diverticulitis is an inflammation or infection of pouches in the colon wall. Most cases are mild and respond well to treatment, but severe or complicated cases require prompt medical attention. A healthy lifestyle and high-fiber diet can help reduce the risk of recurrence.