Genital warts are soft growths that appear on the genital and anal areas. They are a common sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by certain types of the human papillomavirus (HPV).
Causes
Genital warts are caused by infection with low-risk types of HPV, most commonly types 6 and 11. The virus is spread through skin-to-skin contact during vaginal, anal, or oral sex with an infected person. Even if warts are not visible, the virus can still be transmitted.
Symptoms
Symptoms of genital warts can vary and may include:
- Small, flesh-colored or gray swellings in the genital or anal area
- Several warts close together that take on a cauliflower-like shape
- Itching, discomfort, or bleeding in the affected area
- Warts may appear on the vulva, vagina, cervix, penis, scrotum, groin, or around the anus
Some people may not notice any symptoms, and warts can be so small they are difficult to see.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis is usually made by a healthcare provider through a physical examination of the affected area. In some cases, a biopsy may be performed to confirm the diagnosis, especially if the warts look unusual or do not respond to standard treatment.
Treatment Options
While genital warts may go away on their own, treatment can help remove them and reduce symptoms:
- Topical medications: Prescription creams or solutions applied directly to the warts.
- Cryotherapy: Freezing the warts with liquid nitrogen.
- Electrosurgery or laser therapy: Burning or removing warts with electrical current or laser.
- Surgical removal: In some cases, warts may be cut away.
Treatment removes visible warts but does not cure the underlying HPV infection, so warts can recur.
Prevention
To reduce the risk of genital warts:
- Get vaccinated against HPV.
- Use condoms or dental dams during sexual activity.
- Limit the number of sexual partners.
- Have regular sexual health check-ups.
Takeaway
Genital warts are a common and treatable condition caused by certain types of HPV. Vaccination, safe sex practices, and regular check-ups are important for prevention and early detection.