Myomas, also known as uterine fibroids, are noncancerous growths that develop in the uterus. They are common, especially in women of reproductive age, and can vary in size, number, and location.
Causes
The exact cause of uterine fibroids is not fully understood, but several factors may contribute:
- Hormonal influences: Estrogen and progesterone stimulate the growth of fibroids.
- Genetic factors: A family history of fibroids increases risk.
- Other factors: Race (fibroids are more common in Black women), obesity, and vitamin D deficiency may play a role.
Symptoms
Many women with uterine fibroids have no symptoms. When symptoms do occur, they may include:
- Heavy or prolonged menstrual bleeding
- Pelvic pain or pressure
- Frequent urination
- Constipation
- Back pain
- Pain during intercourse
- Enlarged abdomen
In some cases, fibroids can cause infertility or pregnancy complications.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis typically involves:
- Pelvic examination: To feel for an enlarged uterus or masses.
- Ultrasound: To visualize the size, number, and location of fibroids.
- Other imaging: MRI or hysteroscopy may be used in certain cases.
Treatment Options
Treatment depends on the size, number, and location of fibroids, as well as the severity of symptoms and the individual’s preferences:
- Watchful waiting: If fibroids are small and not causing symptoms, monitoring may be sufficient.
- Medications: Hormonal contraceptives, GnRH agonists, or other medications to manage symptoms and shrink fibroids.
- Non-invasive procedures: MRI-guided focused ultrasound surgery (FUS) to destroy fibroids.
- Minimally invasive procedures: Uterine artery embolization (UAE) or myomectomy (surgical removal of fibroids).
- Hysterectomy: Surgical removal of the uterus, which is a definitive treatment option.
Prevention
There is no guaranteed way to prevent uterine fibroids, but maintaining a healthy lifestyle, managing weight, and ensuring adequate vitamin D levels may help reduce risk.
Takeaway
Uterine fibroids are common and often asymptomatic. When symptoms do occur, various treatment options are available to improve quality of life.