Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common hormonal disorder that affects people with ovaries, typically during their reproductive years. It is characterized by irregular menstrual cycles, excess androgen (male hormone) levels, and the presence of multiple small cysts on the ovaries.
Causes
The exact cause of PCOS is not fully understood, but several factors are believed to contribute:
- Hormonal imbalance: Elevated levels of androgens and insulin resistance are common in PCOS.
- Genetic predisposition: PCOS often runs in families.
- Lifestyle factors: Obesity and lack of physical activity can worsen symptoms, though PCOS can occur in people of any body type.
Symptoms
PCOS symptoms can vary but often include:
- Irregular or absent menstrual periods
- Excess hair growth on the face, chest, or back (hirsutism)
- Acne or oily skin
- Thinning hair or hair loss on the scalp
- Weight gain or difficulty losing weight
- Darkening of the skin, especially in body folds
- Difficulty becoming pregnant (infertility)
Diagnosis
Diagnosis is based on a combination of:
- Medical history and symptom review
- Physical examination
- Blood tests: To check hormone levels and rule out other conditions
- Ultrasound: To look for multiple small cysts on the ovaries
A diagnosis of PCOS is usually made if at least two of the following are present: irregular periods, excess androgen levels, or polycystic ovaries on ultrasound.
Treatment Options
There is no cure for PCOS, but symptoms can be managed with:
- Lifestyle changes: Healthy diet, regular exercise, and weight management can improve symptoms and reduce the risk of complications.
- Medications: Birth control pills to regulate periods, anti-androgen medications to reduce hair growth, and medications to improve insulin sensitivity.
- Fertility treatments: For those trying to conceive, medications to stimulate ovulation may be recommended.
- Management of related conditions: Such as diabetes, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol.
Prevention
PCOS cannot be prevented, but early diagnosis and management can help reduce the risk of long-term complications, such as type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and infertility.
Takeaway
PCOS is a lifelong condition that can affect many aspects of health. With proper management, most people with PCOS can lead healthy, fulfilling lives and reduce the risk of complications.