Orchitis is inflammation of one or both testicles, often resulting in pain and swelling. It can affect males of any age and may be caused by infections or other medical conditions.
Causes
Orchitis is most commonly caused by:
- Viral infections: The mumps virus is a well-known cause, especially in adolescent boys and young men.
- Bacterial infections: Often associated with epididymitis (epididymo-orchitis), urinary tract infections, or sexually transmitted infections such as chlamydia or gonorrhea.
- Other causes: Rarely, orchitis can result from trauma, autoimmune diseases, or other systemic infections.
Symptoms
Symptoms of orchitis may include:
- Sudden or gradual pain in one or both testicles
- Swelling and tenderness of the testicle(s)
- Redness and warmth of the scrotal skin
- Fever and chills
- Nausea or malaise
- Painful urination or ejaculation
- Blood in the semen (in some cases)
Diagnosis
Diagnosis typically involves:
- Medical history and symptom review
- Physical examination of the scrotum and testicles
- Urine tests: To check for infection
- Blood tests: To identify viral or bacterial causes
- Ultrasound: To assess blood flow and rule out other conditions, such as testicular torsion
Treatment Options
Treatment for orchitis depends on the underlying cause:
- Viral orchitis: Supportive care, including rest, pain relievers, ice packs, and scrotal support. Antibiotics are not effective against viruses.
- Bacterial orchitis: Antibiotics to treat the infection, along with supportive care.
- Pain management: Over-the-counter pain relievers and anti-inflammatory medications.
- Treatment of underlying conditions: Addressing any associated urinary tract or sexually transmitted infections.
Prevention
To help prevent orchitis:
- Get vaccinated against mumps
- Practice safe sex to reduce the risk of sexually transmitted infections
- Treat urinary tract infections promptly
Takeaway
Orchitis is a potentially painful condition that can usually be managed with appropriate treatment. Early diagnosis and care are important to prevent complications such as infertility or chronic pain. If you experience testicular pain or swelling, seek medical attention promptly for evaluation and management.