Introduction
Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a viral infection that affects the brain and central nervous system. It is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected ticks, most commonly in forested and grassy areas during the warmer months. TBE can cause a range of symptoms, from mild flu-like illness to severe neurological complications. Awareness, prevention, and timely medical care are essential for reducing the risk and impact of this disease.
Causes
TBE is caused by the tick-borne encephalitis virus, which is carried by certain species of ticks. The virus is transmitted to humans through tick bites, and in rare cases, by consuming unpasteurized dairy products from infected animals. The risk of infection is highest during outdoor activities in areas where TBE is common, especially in late spring to early autumn.
Symptoms
Symptoms of TBE usually develop in two phases. The first phase includes flu-like symptoms such as fever, headache, fatigue, and muscle aches. After a brief improvement, the second phase may occur, involving neurological symptoms like high fever, severe headache, neck stiffness, confusion, dizziness, and, in some cases, seizures or paralysis. Not everyone experiences both phases, and the severity can vary widely.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis is based on clinical symptoms, history of tick exposure, and laboratory tests to detect antibodies against the TBE virus in blood or cerebrospinal fluid. Brain imaging and other tests may be used to assess the extent of neurological involvement. If you develop symptoms of encephalitis after a tick bite or outdoor activities in a risk area, consult a doctor promptly.
Treatment Options
There is no specific antiviral treatment for TBE. Care is supportive and may include hospitalization, intravenous fluids, medications to control fever and pain, and monitoring for neurological complications. Rehabilitation therapies may be needed for those with lasting neurological effects. Early medical attention is important to manage symptoms and reduce the risk of long-term complications.
Simple measures such as rest, hydration, and pain relief may help with recovery, but these should only be used alongside medical care. If symptoms worsen or new neurological problems develop, consult a doctor without delay.
Prevention
Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent TBE, especially for people living in or traveling to high-risk areas. Additional preventive measures include using insect repellent, wearing long-sleeved clothing, tucking pants into socks, and checking for ticks after outdoor activities. Avoiding unpasteurized dairy products in endemic areas is also recommended.
Takeaway
TBE is a serious but preventable disease. Vaccination and tick bite prevention are key to reducing risk. If you develop symptoms of encephalitis after a tick bite or outdoor exposure, seek medical care immediately.