Introduction
An abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a bulge or swelling in the wall of the abdominal aorta, the largest blood vessel in the body. If an AAA grows large or ruptures, it can cause life-threatening internal bleeding. Early detection and monitoring are crucial, as many AAAs develop slowly and without symptoms.
Causes
An abdominal aortic aneurysm develops when the wall of the aorta weakens and stretches. The exact cause is not always clear, but risk factors include older age, smoking, high blood pressure, atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries), family history of aneurysms, and certain genetic conditions. Men are more commonly affected than women.
Symptoms
Most AAAs do not cause symptoms and are often discovered during routine examinations or imaging for other reasons. When symptoms do occur, they may include a pulsating feeling in the abdomen, deep or constant pain in the abdomen or lower back, and, in rare cases, pain in the legs or groin. A ruptured AAA can cause sudden, severe abdominal or back pain, dizziness, rapid heartbeat, and loss of consciousness—this is a medical emergency.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis is usually made with imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI. These tests can measure the size of the aneurysm and help guide treatment decisions. If you have risk factors or a family history of aneurysms, consult a doctor about screening.
Treatment Options
Treatment depends on the size and growth rate of the aneurysm. Small AAAs may only require regular monitoring and lifestyle changes to reduce risk factors, such as quitting smoking, controlling blood pressure, and managing cholesterol. Larger or rapidly growing aneurysms may require surgical repair, either through open surgery or a minimally invasive procedure called endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR).
Simple measures such as maintaining a healthy lifestyle, taking prescribed medications, and attending regular check-ups are important for managing risk. If you experience sudden, severe abdominal or back pain, seek emergency medical care immediately.
Prevention
Preventing AAA involves managing risk factors: avoid smoking, maintain healthy blood pressure and cholesterol levels, eat a balanced diet, exercise regularly, and attend recommended health screenings, especially if you have a family history of aneurysms.
Takeaway
An abdominal aortic aneurysm can be life-threatening if it ruptures, but early detection and management can greatly reduce the risk. If you have risk factors or a family history, consult a doctor about screening and prevention.