Introduction
Atherosclerosis is a condition in which the arteries become narrowed and hardened due to a buildup of fatty deposits, cholesterol, and other substances—collectively known as plaque—on their inner walls. This process can restrict blood flow and increase the risk of heart attack, stroke, and other serious health problems. Early detection and lifestyle changes are key to managing atherosclerosis and reducing complications.
Causes
Atherosclerosis develops gradually over many years. The main causes include high cholesterol, high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, obesity, lack of physical activity, and an unhealthy diet. Genetics and family history also play a significant role. The process begins when the inner lining of the artery is damaged, allowing cholesterol and other substances to accumulate and form plaque.
Symptoms
Atherosclerosis often develops silently, with no symptoms until an artery is significantly narrowed or blocked. When symptoms do occur, they depend on which arteries are affected. For example, blocked arteries in the heart can cause chest pain (angina), while blockages in the legs may cause pain when walking (claudication). If a plaque ruptures, it can lead to a heart attack or stroke, which are medical emergencies.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, and tests such as blood tests (to check cholesterol and blood sugar), electrocardiogram (ECG), ultrasound, CT scan, or angiography to assess blood flow and detect blockages. If you have risk factors or symptoms suggestive of atherosclerosis, consult a doctor for evaluation.
Treatment Options
Treatment focuses on slowing or stopping the progression of atherosclerosis and reducing the risk of complications. Lifestyle changes are essential: eat a heart-healthy diet, exercise regularly, maintain a healthy weight, quit smoking, and manage blood pressure, cholesterol, and diabetes. Medications may be prescribed to lower cholesterol, control blood pressure, or prevent blood clots.
In some cases, procedures such as angioplasty (to open narrowed arteries) or surgery (such as bypass surgery) may be needed. Regular follow-up with your doctor is important to monitor your condition and adjust treatment as needed.
Prevention
Preventing atherosclerosis involves adopting a healthy lifestyle: eat a balanced diet low in saturated fats, exercise regularly, avoid smoking, maintain a healthy weight, and manage chronic health conditions. Regular check-ups and blood tests can help detect problems early.
Takeaway
Atherosclerosis is a common but serious condition that can lead to life-threatening complications if left untreated. With early detection, lifestyle changes, and medical care, most people can manage their risk and maintain good vascular health. If you have risk factors or symptoms, consult a doctor for assessment and guidance.