Fifth disease is a common childhood illness caused by parvovirus B19. It’s best known for a “slapped cheek” facial rash and a lacy pink rash on the body. Most cases are mild.
What causes it and how it spreads
- Parvovirus B19.
- Spreads through respiratory droplets (coughs, sneezes) and close contact.
- People are most contagious before the rash appears; by the time the rash shows, they’re usually not contagious.
Typical symptoms
- Mild fever, runny nose, headache.
- Bright red cheeks (“slapped cheek” look), then a lacy, net-like rash on the arms, legs, and trunk that may come and go for weeks, especially with heat or sun.
- In teens and adults, joint aches (hands, wrists, knees) can occur for days to weeks.
When to seek medical advice
- If you’re pregnant or have a weakened immune system and were exposed or have symptoms—call your clinician (parvovirus can affect the fetus or cause anemia in certain people).
- If your child has a blood disorder (like sickle cell disease) or severe anemia—seek care promptly if exposed or symptomatic.
- High fever lasting more than 3 days, trouble breathing, or your child seems very unwell.
How it’s diagnosed
- Usually by the look of the rash and story.
- Blood tests are sometimes used in pregnancy, immune problems, or unclear cases.
Care at home
- This illness usually goes away on its own.
- Fever or discomfort: acetaminophen or ibuprofen as directed.
- Rest and fluids.
School and contagion
- Because kids are most contagious before the rash, most can attend school once they feel well—follow school guidance.
What to expect
- Rash may fade and then reappear with heat, exercise, or stress for several weeks—this is normal.
- Joint pains in adults usually get better; see your clinician if pains last or worsen.