Conjunctivitis, commonly known as pink eye, is a common inflammation of the conjunctiva, the thin, clear membrane that covers the white part of the eye and the inner surface of the eyelids. It is often associated with a cold and typically resolves within five days without medical treatment. Conjunctivitis is highly contagious, especially among young children in close contact, such as in preschools. Older children and adults can also spread the infection through close contact, such as hugs, handshakes, or touching contaminated surfaces and then rubbing their eyes.
Causes
Conjunctivitis is primarily caused by infections, with viruses and bacteria being the most common culprits. Viral conjunctivitis is often associated with the common cold and tends to be more watery, while bacterial conjunctivitis typically produces a thicker, yellowish discharge. Allergic reactions, foreign objects in the eye, and injuries can also cause conjunctivitis. Newborns can develop conjunctivitis due to infections acquired during birth, such as chlamydia.
Symptoms
Common symptoms of conjunctivitis include redness and irritation of the white part of the eye, swelling of the eyelids, a gritty sensation in the eye, and a sticky discharge that can cause the eyelids to stick together, especially in the morning. The discharge is often yellow or greenish in bacterial infections and clear or white in viral infections. Symptoms may start in one eye and then spread to the other. Newborns may have some clear discharge without redness, which is usually due to narrow tear ducts rather than an infection.
Diagnosis
Conjunctivitis is usually diagnosed based on symptoms and a physical examination of the eye. A doctor may ask about recent illnesses, allergies, or exposure to irritants. In some cases, a sample of the discharge may be taken and tested to determine whether the infection is viral or bacterial. Newborns with red, swollen, or discharge-filled eyes require immediate medical attention to rule out serious infections.
Treatment Options
Most cases of conjunctivitis resolve on their own within a week without specific treatment. Washing the eyelids and eyelashes gently with warm water can help remove discharge and relieve discomfort. Artificial tears can also help soothe irritated eyes. If bacterial conjunctivitis is suspected, antibiotic eye drops or ointment may be prescribed. It is important to complete the full course of antibiotics, even if symptoms improve, to prevent recurrence. Viral conjunctivitis typically does not respond to antibiotics and must run its course. In cases of allergic conjunctivitis, antihistamine eye drops or oral medications may be recommended.
Prevention
Conjunctivitis is highly contagious, so preventive measures are essential to avoid spreading the infection. Frequent handwashing with soap and water is crucial, especially after touching the eyes or face. Avoid sharing towels, washcloths, and eye makeup. Change pillowcases frequently and use disposable tissues to wipe the eyes. Children with conjunctivitis should stay home from school or daycare until the infection has cleared or until they have been on antibiotics for at least 24 hours.
Self-Care
In addition to medical treatment, several self-care measures can help relieve symptoms of conjunctivitis. These include applying warm compresses to the eyes, avoiding contact lenses, and using over-the-counter pain relievers for discomfort. It is important to avoid rubbing the eyes, as this can worsen the inflammation and spread the infection.
Takeaway
Conjunctivitis is a common eye infection that usually resolves on its own with proper hygiene and self-care. However, it is important to seek medical attention if symptoms are severe, persistent, or accompanied by pain or vision changes. Early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent complications and reduce the spread of infection.