Retinal detachment is a serious eye condition that occurs when the retina, the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye, separates from the underlying layer of blood vessels that provide it with oxygen and nutrients. This separation can lead to permanent vision loss if not treated promptly. It is most common to experience retinal detachment in one eye. The treatment received depends on the extent of the detachment. Retinal detachment can occur as a result of posterior vitreous detachment, an injury to the eye, or severe nearsightedness.
What is Retinal Detachment?
The eye is shaped like a small globe, known as the eyeball, which contains a gel-like fluid called the vitreous humor. The retina lines the inside of the eyeball and contains the light-sensitive cells responsible for vision. Beneath the retina is the choroid, which provides nourishment and oxygen to the retina. Retinal detachment occurs when the retina separates from the choroid, depriving the retina of essential nutrients and oxygen. Over time, the light-sensitive cells cease to function, leading to vision loss in the affected eye.
Symptoms of Retinal Detachment
Retinal detachment often occurs suddenly, typically developing over two to three days, although it can sometimes take longer. It is important to note that retinal detachment is not painful. Common symptoms include seeing flashes of light in the peripheral vision, noticing small moving spots, streaks, or rings (floaters), and observing a gray or dark shadow in the outer part of the visual field. In some cases, the sharpness of vision may decrease, particularly if the detachment reaches the macula, the central part of the retina responsible for sharp, detailed vision.
When and Where to Seek Care
Most people who experience floaters do not need to seek medical attention, as these symptoms often resolve on their own within a few months. However, it is important to contact a healthcare provider if you experience flashes of light in your visual field. If you notice a gray or dark shadow in the outer part of your visual field, seek immediate medical attention at a clinic or emergency room.
Examination
If a healthcare provider suspects retinal detachment, they will conduct several eye examinations. An ophthalmologist will perform a comprehensive eye examination to confirm the diagnosis. The examination includes assessing visual acuity, measuring eye pressure, and examining the retina. Visual acuity is tested using an eye chart with letters of varying sizes. Eye pressure is measured using instruments, often after numbing the eye with eye drops. The retina is examined using an ophthalmoscope, which may involve dilating the pupils with eye drops and using a contact lens with mirrors to view the retina in detail. In some cases, ultrasound may be used to examine the retina if a vitreous hemorrhage obscures the view.
Treatment
The treatment for retinal detachment depends on the extent of the detachment. Before treatment, it is important to avoid strenuous physical activity, as this can worsen the detachment. If a small hole or tear is present in the retina, laser treatment may be used to seal the hole and prevent further detachment. This procedure typically takes about ten minutes and is performed in an ophthalmology clinic. If the retina has already detached, surgery is usually necessary. Surgical options include removing the vitreous humor, injecting air or gas into the eye, or using silicone material to support the retina. The specific surgical method depends on the individual case.
After Treatment
Following treatment, it is important to follow the healthcare provider’s instructions. This may include maintaining a specific head position for a few days to allow the retina to heal properly. Pain medication and anti-inflammatory eye drops may be prescribed. A follow-up appointment is typically scheduled within a week. Most people can resume their normal activities after the retina has healed, although vision may be temporarily impaired. It is important to avoid flying if gas has been injected into the eye, as changes in pressure can cause pain and complications.
What Causes Retinal Detachment?
Retinal detachment can occur due to various factors. The eye is filled with a gel-like substance called the vitreous humor, which supports the retina. As people age, the vitreous humor can change, becoming less gel-like and more watery. This can lead to posterior vitreous detachment, where the vitreous separates from the retina. In some cases, the vitreous can pull on the retina, causing a tear or hole. Fluid can then pass through the hole, causing the retina to detach from the choroid. Other causes of retinal detachment include nearsightedness, family history of the condition, diabetes-related eye changes, cataract surgery, eye tumors, blood clots, and eye injuries.
How Will My Vision Be After Treatment?
The outcome of retinal detachment treatment depends on the extent of the detachment and how quickly treatment is received. If the detachment is small and treated promptly, vision may return to normal. However, if the macula has detached, there is an increased risk of permanent vision loss. It is important to attend follow-up appointments and seek medical attention if any new symptoms develop.
Takeaway
Retinal detachment is a serious condition that requires prompt medical attention to prevent permanent vision loss. Recognizing the symptoms and seeking immediate care are crucial. Treatment options are available to repair the retina and restore vision. Regular eye examinations and awareness of risk factors can help reduce the likelihood of retinal detachment.