Introduction
Fever in children is a common occurrence and often a sign that their body is fighting off an infection. While a fever can be concerning for parents, it is usually not harmful and indicates that the child’s immune system is working. Understanding the causes, symptoms, and appropriate management of fever in children can help parents provide effective care and know when to seek medical attention.
Causes
Fever in children is most commonly caused by infections:
- Viral Infections:
- Common Cold: Often accompanied by a runny nose, cough, and sore throat.
- Flu (Influenza): Can cause high fever, body aches, and fatigue.
- Chickenpox: Characterized by a rash of itchy blisters.
- Roseola: Often causes a high fever followed by a rash.
- Bacterial Infections:
- Strep Throat: Causes a sore throat and fever.
- Ear Infections (Otitis Media): Common in young children and can cause fever and ear pain.
- Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs): More common in girls and can cause fever, abdominal pain, and frequent urination.
- Vaccinations: Fever is a common side effect of some vaccines.
- Other Causes:
- Teething: May cause a slight increase in temperature, but rarely a high fever.
- Overdressing: Can cause a temporary increase in body temperature.
Symptoms
The main symptoms of fever in children include:
- Elevated Body Temperature: Typically above 100.4°F (38°C) when taken rectally, 99.5°F (37.5°C) orally, or 100°F (37.8°C) axillary (under the arm).
- Chills: Shivering or feeling cold.
- Sweating
- Warm Skin
- Flushed Face
- Irritability or Fussiness
- Loss of Appetite
- Lethargy or Decreased Activity
When to Seek Medical Attention
It is important to seek medical care for a child with a fever if they:
- Are Under 3 Months Old: Any fever in infants this age should be evaluated by a doctor.
- Have a High Fever: Especially above 104°F (40°C).
- Have a Stiff Neck
- Have a Severe Headache
- Are Confused or Disoriented
- Have Difficulty Breathing
- Have Seizures
- Have a Rash
- Are Dehydrated: Signs include decreased urination, dry mouth, and no tears when crying.
- Are Unusually Drowsy or Difficult to Wake
- Have Persistent Vomiting or Diarrhea
- Have an Underlying Medical Condition: Such as a weakened immune system.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis involves identifying the underlying cause of the fever:
- Medical History: Review of symptoms, recent exposures, and any underlying medical conditions.
- Physical Examination: Assessment of vital signs and examination for signs of infection or inflammation.
- Laboratory Tests: Blood tests, urine tests, or cultures may be used to identify specific infections.
Treatment Options
Treatment aims to reduce fever and address the underlying cause:
- Rest: Encourage the child to rest and avoid strenuous activities.
- Hydration: Offer plenty of fluids, such as water, breast milk, formula, or electrolyte solutions.
- Fever-Reducing Medications: Acetaminophen (Tylenol) or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) can help reduce fever and relieve discomfort. Follow dosing instructions carefully and do not give aspirin to children due to the risk of Reye’s syndrome.
- Cooling Measures: Dress the child in light clothing and use a cool compress on the forehead. A lukewarm bath can also help lower body temperature.
- Antibiotics: For bacterial infections, as prescribed by a healthcare provider.
- Treatment of Underlying Cause: Addressing specific infections or medical issues.
Prevention
Preventive strategies focus on reducing the risk of infections:
- Good Hygiene: Wash hands frequently with soap and water.
- Avoid Contact with Sick Individuals: Limit exposure to people who are ill.
- Vaccinations: Stay up-to-date on recommended vaccines.
- Healthy Lifestyle: Ensure the child gets enough sleep, eats a balanced diet, and engages in regular physical activity.
Takeaway
Fever in children is a common symptom that often indicates the body is fighting off an infection. While it can be concerning, it is usually not harmful and resolves with rest and supportive care. If your child has a high fever or concerning symptoms, consult a healthcare provider for evaluation and management.