Introduction
Ebola virus disease (EVD), commonly known as Ebola, is a rare but severe and often fatal illness caused by infection with the Ebola virus. Outbreaks have primarily occurred in sub-Saharan Africa, but the disease is a global health concern due to its high mortality rate and potential for rapid spread. Early recognition, isolation, and supportive care are critical for improving outcomes and preventing transmission.
Causes
Ebola is caused by infection with one of several Ebola virus species, most commonly the Zaire ebolavirus. The virus is transmitted through:
- Direct Contact: With blood, body fluids (such as saliva, vomit, urine, feces, sweat, breast milk, or semen), or tissues of an infected person, especially during the late stages of illness or after death.
- Contaminated Objects: Such as needles, medical equipment, or bedding.
- Infected Animals: Handling or consuming meat from infected animals, such as fruit bats or nonhuman primates.
Ebola is not spread through the air, water, or food grown or legally purchased in the United States.
Symptoms
Symptoms of Ebola typically appear 2 to 21 days after exposure and may include:
- Fever
- Severe Headache
- Muscle Pain
- Weakness and Fatigue
- Sore Throat
- Loss of Appetite
- Abdominal Pain
- Vomiting and Diarrhea
- Rash
- Red Eyes
- Unexplained Bleeding or Bruising: Such as from the gums, nose, or injection sites.
As the disease progresses, it can cause multi-organ failure, shock, and death.
When to Seek Medical Attention
Ebola is a medical emergency. Seek immediate medical care if you or someone you know develops symptoms after recent travel to or contact with someone from an area with an Ebola outbreak, or after exposure to a known or suspected case.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis is based on:
- Medical History: Recent travel, exposure to infected individuals, or contact with animals in outbreak areas.
- Laboratory Tests: Blood tests (PCR, ELISA) to detect the Ebola virus or antibodies.
Treatment Options
There is no specific cure for Ebola, but early supportive care can improve survival:
- Isolation: To prevent transmission to others.
- Supportive Care: Includes intravenous fluids, electrolyte management, oxygen therapy, and treatment of secondary infections.
- Experimental Treatments: Some antiviral drugs and monoclonal antibodies have shown promise and may be used in outbreak settings.
- Monitoring and Management: Of complications such as bleeding, organ failure, and shock.
Prevention
Preventive strategies focus on reducing exposure and rapid response to outbreaks:
- Avoid Contact: With blood and body fluids of infected individuals or animals.
- Use Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): For healthcare workers and caregivers.
- Safe Burial Practices: To prevent transmission from deceased individuals.
- Vaccination: An Ebola vaccine (rVSV-ZEBOV) is available and used in outbreak areas.
- Travel Precautions: Follow public health advice when traveling to or from affected regions.
Takeaway
Ebola is a rare but deadly viral disease that requires immediate medical attention and strict infection control measures. Early recognition, isolation, and supportive care are essential for improving outcomes and preventing the spread of the virus. Stay informed about outbreaks and follow public health recommendations, especially when traveling to affected areas.