Introduction
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a virus that attacks the body’s immune system, specifically the CD4 cells (T cells), which help the body fight infections. If left untreated, HIV can lead to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), a condition in which the immune system becomes severely weakened. Thanks to advances in medical treatment, people with HIV can live long, healthy lives with proper care and medication.
Causes
HIV is transmitted through the exchange of certain body fluids from a person who has HIV. The most common routes of transmission include:
- Unprotected Sexual Contact: Vaginal, anal, or oral sex with an infected partner.
- Sharing Needles or Syringes: Among people who inject drugs.
- Mother-to-Child Transmission: During pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding.
- Blood Transfusions or Organ Transplants: Rare in countries where blood is screened for HIV.
- Occupational Exposure: Healthcare workers may be at risk through accidental needle sticks.
HIV is not spread through casual contact, such as hugging, shaking hands, or sharing food and drinks.
Symptoms
Symptoms of HIV vary depending on the stage of infection:
- Acute HIV Infection (2–4 weeks after exposure):
- Fever
- Sore throat
- Swollen lymph nodes
- Rash
- Muscle and joint pain
- Headache
- Fatigue
- Chronic HIV Infection (Clinical Latency Stage):
- Often no symptoms or only mild ones. The virus is still active but reproduces at low levels.
- Progression to AIDS:
- Rapid weight loss
- Recurring fever or night sweats
- Extreme fatigue
- Prolonged swelling of lymph glands
- Diarrhea lasting more than a week
- Sores of the mouth, anus, or genitals
- Pneumonia
- Memory loss, depression, or other neurologic disorders
- Opportunistic infections or cancers
When to Seek Medical Attention
Seek medical care if you believe you have been exposed to HIV or if you develop symptoms suggestive of HIV infection. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for the best outcomes.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis is based on:
- HIV Antibody and Antigen Tests: Blood or oral fluid tests can detect HIV infection.
- Nucleic Acid Tests (NATs): Can detect the virus itself in the blood.
- CD4 Count and Viral Load: To monitor immune function and the amount of virus in the body.
Treatment Options
There is no cure for HIV, but it can be controlled with proper medical care:
- Antiretroviral Therapy (ART): A combination of medications that suppress the virus, protect the immune system, and prevent transmission to others. ART should be started as soon as possible after diagnosis and taken every day as prescribed.
- Regular Medical Monitoring: To track immune health and manage any complications.
- Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections: Vaccinations and medications to prevent or treat infections that can occur when the immune system is weakened.
- Healthy Lifestyle: Balanced diet, regular exercise, and avoiding tobacco and excessive alcohol.
Prevention
Preventive strategies are essential to reduce the risk of HIV transmission:
- Practice Safe Sex: Use condoms consistently and correctly.
- Do Not Share Needles: Use only sterile equipment for injections.
- Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP): Medication for people at high risk of HIV to prevent infection.
- Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP): Medication taken after potential exposure to HIV to reduce the risk of infection.
- Regular Testing: Know your HIV status and that of your partner.
Takeaway
HIV is a manageable chronic condition with early diagnosis and consistent treatment. Practicing prevention, getting tested regularly, and adhering to prescribed therapy are key to living a healthy life and preventing the spread of HIV.