Introduction
Mpox, formerly known as monkeypox, is a rare viral disease that can infect both humans and animals. It is caused by the monkeypox virus, which is related to the virus that causes smallpox, though mpox is generally less severe. In recent years, outbreaks have occurred outside of Africa, raising global awareness of the disease. Early recognition, isolation, and supportive care are important for controlling the spread and managing symptoms.
Causes
Mpox is caused by the monkeypox virus, a member of the orthopoxvirus family. The virus can be transmitted through:
- Direct Contact: With the blood, bodily fluids, or skin lesions of infected animals (such as rodents or primates) or humans.
- Respiratory Droplets: Prolonged face-to-face contact with an infected person.
- Contaminated Objects: Touching items like bedding, clothing, or surfaces that have been in contact with the virus.
- Animal-to-Human Transmission: Handling or consuming undercooked meat from infected animals.
Human-to-human transmission is less efficient than with some other viruses, but it can occur, especially in close-contact settings.
Symptoms
Symptoms usually appear 5 to 21 days after exposure and may include:
- Fever
- Headache
- Muscle Aches
- Backache
- Swollen Lymph Nodes
- Chills
- Fatigue
- Rash: Begins as flat red spots, then progresses to raised bumps, blisters, and pustules. The rash often starts on the face and spreads to other parts of the body, including the hands, feet, and genitals.
The rash typically goes through several stages before crusting over and healing. The illness usually lasts 2 to 4 weeks.
When to Seek Medical Attention
Seek medical care if you develop a new, unexplained rash, especially if you have had contact with someone diagnosed with mpox or have traveled to an area with known cases. Severe symptoms, such as difficulty breathing, confusion, or signs of secondary infection, require prompt medical attention.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis is based on:
- Medical History: Recent travel, contact with infected individuals or animals, and symptom review.
- Physical Examination: Assessment of rash and other symptoms.
- Laboratory Tests: PCR testing of lesion samples to confirm the presence of the monkeypox virus.
Treatment Options
Most cases of mpox are mild and resolve without specific treatment. Management focuses on supportive care:
- Symptom Relief: Pain relievers, fever reducers, and maintaining hydration.
- Antiviral Medications: In severe cases or for people at high risk (such as those with weakened immune systems), antivirals like tecovirimat may be considered.
- Isolation: To prevent the spread of the virus to others until all lesions have healed.
Prevention
Preventive strategies include:
- Avoid Close Contact: With people or animals who are sick or have a rash.
- Practice Good Hygiene: Wash hands frequently with soap and water.
- Use Personal Protective Equipment: When caring for infected individuals.
- Vaccination: Smallpox vaccines can provide protection against mpox and may be recommended for people at high risk or during outbreaks.
- Safe Handling of Animals: Avoid contact with wild animals and ensure meat is thoroughly cooked.
Takeaway
Mpox is a rare but potentially serious viral disease. Most cases are mild, but severe illness can occur, especially in vulnerable individuals. Early recognition, isolation, and supportive care are key to recovery and preventing further spread. Stay informed about outbreaks and follow public health recommendations.