Introduction
Mycoplasma infection is a respiratory illness most commonly caused by the bacterium Mycoplasma pneumoniae. This infection is often referred to as “walking pneumonia” because symptoms are usually milder than those of typical pneumonia, and many people are able to continue with daily activities. Mycoplasma infections can affect people of all ages but are most common in school-aged children and young adults.
Causes
Mycoplasma infection is caused by the bacterium Mycoplasma pneumoniae, which spreads from person to person through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. Outbreaks often occur in crowded environments such as schools, colleges, and military barracks. The bacteria attach to the lining of the respiratory tract, causing irritation and inflammation.
Symptoms
Symptoms of mycoplasma infection usually develop gradually, one to four weeks after exposure. Common symptoms include:
- Persistent dry cough
- Sore throat
- Mild fever and chills
- Headache
- Fatigue
- Chest discomfort
- Ear pain (in some cases)
- In children, wheezing and asthma-like symptoms may occur
Most cases are mild, but some people may develop more severe symptoms, such as high fever, difficulty breathing, or pneumonia.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis of mycoplasma infection is based on a combination of clinical evaluation and laboratory tests. A healthcare provider will assess symptoms and perform a physical examination. Diagnostic tests may include:
- Chest X-ray to check for signs of pneumonia
- Blood tests to detect antibodies or the presence of the bacteria
- Throat swab or sputum sample for laboratory analysis
Because symptoms can resemble those of other respiratory infections, laboratory confirmation may be necessary in some cases.
Treatment Options
Most mycoplasma infections are mild and resolve on their own without specific treatment. However, antibiotics such as macrolides (e.g., azithromycin), tetracyclines, or fluoroquinolones may be prescribed to shorten the duration of symptoms and prevent complications, especially in more severe cases. Supportive care includes rest, adequate hydration, and over-the-counter medications to relieve fever and discomfort. Hospitalization is rarely needed but may be required for severe pneumonia or complications.
Prevention
Preventing mycoplasma infection involves good hygiene practices, such as:
- Frequent handwashing
- Covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing
- Avoiding close contact with people who are sick
- Cleaning and disinfecting commonly touched surfaces
There is currently no vaccine available for mycoplasma infection.
When to Seek Medical Care
Seek medical attention if you or your child experience:
- Persistent high fever
- Difficulty breathing or chest pain
- Severe fatigue or weakness
- Symptoms that worsen or do not improve after a few days
- Coughing up blood
Takeaway
Mycoplasma infection is a common cause of mild respiratory illness, often called “walking pneumonia.” Most people recover fully with supportive care, but antibiotics may be needed in some cases. Practicing good hygiene and seeking medical care for severe or persistent symptoms can help prevent complications and promote recovery.