Introduction
Amoebic infection, also known as amoebiasis, is an intestinal illness caused by the parasite Entamoeba histolytica. This infection is most common in areas with poor sanitation and is typically spread through contaminated food or water. While many people infected with the parasite do not develop symptoms, amoebiasis can sometimes cause severe intestinal and, rarely, liver complications.
Causes
Amoebiasis is caused by ingesting cysts of the parasite Entamoeba histolytica. These cysts are found in contaminated food or water and can also be spread through person-to-person contact, especially in settings with inadequate hygiene. Once inside the body, the cysts release trophozoites, which invade the lining of the intestine and can cause inflammation, ulcers, and, in some cases, spread to other organs such as the liver.
Symptoms
Most people with amoebic infection have mild or no symptoms. When symptoms do occur, they can range from mild to severe and may include:
- Loose stools or diarrhea, sometimes with blood or mucus
- Abdominal pain and cramping
- Fever
- Nausea and loss of appetite
- Fatigue
- In severe cases, dysentery (frequent, severe, and bloody diarrhea)
- Rarely, liver abscess (pain in the upper right abdomen, fever, and jaundice)
Diagnosis
Diagnosis of amoebiasis involves a combination of clinical evaluation and laboratory tests. A healthcare provider may request:
- Stool tests to detect Entamoeba histolytica cysts or trophozoites
- Blood tests to check for signs of infection or liver involvement
- Imaging studies (such as ultrasound or CT scan) if a liver abscess is suspected
- Serological tests to detect antibodies in cases of extra-intestinal infection
Treatment Options
Amoebic infection is treated with specific anti-parasitic medications, such as metronidazole or tinidazole, to eliminate the parasite from the body. A second medication, such as paromomycin, may be prescribed to clear cysts from the intestine and prevent recurrence. Supportive care, including adequate hydration and rest, is important, especially in cases of severe diarrhea. Hospitalization may be required for severe or complicated cases.
Prevention
Preventing amoebiasis involves good hygiene and safe food and water practices:
- Drink only bottled or boiled water in areas with poor sanitation
- Avoid raw fruits and vegetables unless they can be peeled or washed with safe water
- Wash hands thoroughly with soap and water, especially after using the toilet and before eating
- Practice safe food handling and preparation
- Avoid eating food from street vendors in high-risk areas
When to Seek Medical Care
Seek medical attention if you experience:
- Persistent or severe diarrhea, especially with blood or mucus
- Severe abdominal pain
- Signs of dehydration (such as dry mouth, decreased urination, or dizziness)
- High fever
- Symptoms of liver involvement (pain in the upper right abdomen, jaundice)
Takeaway
Amoebic infection is a parasitic disease that can range from mild to severe. Good hygiene, safe food and water practices, and prompt medical treatment are essential for prevention and recovery. If you develop symptoms of amoebiasis, especially after travel to high-risk areas, seek medical care for diagnosis and appropriate treatment.