Introduction
Winter vomiting disease, commonly known as norovirus infection, is a highly contagious viral illness that causes sudden onset of vomiting and diarrhea. Norovirus, a member of the calicivirus family, is the most common cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Outbreaks are especially common during the winter months and in places where people are in close contact, such as schools, nursing homes, and cruise ships.
Causes
Winter vomiting disease is caused by norovirus, which spreads easily from person to person. The virus is transmitted through:
- Direct contact with an infected person
- Consuming contaminated food or water
- Touching surfaces or objects contaminated with the virus and then touching the mouth
Norovirus is highly resilient and can survive on surfaces for days, making outbreaks difficult to control.
Symptoms
Symptoms usually develop 12 to 48 hours after exposure and can include:
- Sudden onset of vomiting
- Watery diarrhea
- Nausea
- Stomach cramps
- Low-grade fever
- Headache
- Muscle aches
- Fatigue
Symptoms typically last 1 to 3 days, but the illness can be more severe in young children, older adults, and people with weakened immune systems.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis is usually based on symptoms and the presence of similar cases in the community. Laboratory testing of stool samples can confirm norovirus infection, but this is rarely necessary except during outbreaks or in severe cases.
Treatment Options
There is no specific treatment for norovirus infection. Management focuses on supportive care:
- Drink plenty of fluids to prevent dehydration (oral rehydration solutions may be helpful)
- Eat small, bland meals as tolerated
- Rest
Antibiotics are not effective, as norovirus is a viral infection. Hospitalization may be required for severe dehydration, especially in vulnerable groups.
Prevention
Preventing norovirus infection involves good hygiene and food safety practices:
- Wash hands thoroughly with soap and water, especially after using the toilet and before eating or preparing food
- Clean and disinfect contaminated surfaces with bleach-based cleaners
- Wash fruits and vegetables thoroughly
- Cook shellfish thoroughly
- Stay home from work, school, or childcare for at least 48 hours after symptoms stop
Alcohol-based hand sanitizers are less effective against norovirus than soap and water.
When to Seek Medical Care
Seek medical attention if you or your child experience:
- Signs of dehydration (such as dry mouth, decreased urination, or dizziness)
- High fever
- Blood in vomit or stool
- Symptoms that last longer than three days or worsen
- Inability to keep fluids down
Takeaway
Winter vomiting disease (norovirus) is a highly contagious viral illness that causes vomiting and diarrhea, especially during the winter months. Most people recover with supportive care, but preventing dehydration and practicing good hygiene are essential for recovery and limiting the spread of infection.