Introduction
Hepatitis A is a contagious liver infection caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV). It is usually a short-term illness that does not lead to chronic liver disease, but it can cause significant discomfort and, in rare cases, severe complications. Hepatitis A is most commonly spread through contaminated food or water and is more prevalent in areas with poor sanitation.
Causes
Hepatitis A is caused by the hepatitis A virus, which is found in the stool of infected individuals. The virus spreads primarily through the fecal-oral route, meaning people become infected by ingesting food or water contaminated with the virus. It can also spread through close personal contact with an infected person. Outbreaks are more likely in places with inadequate sanitation or during travel to high-risk regions.
Symptoms
Symptoms of hepatitis A usually appear 2 to 6 weeks after exposure and can range from mild to severe. Common symptoms include:
- Fatigue
- Sudden nausea and vomiting
- Abdominal pain, especially in the upper right side
- Loss of appetite
- Low-grade fever
- Dark urine
- Pale or clay-colored stools
- Joint pain
- Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)
Children often have milder symptoms or may not show any symptoms at all.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis of hepatitis A is based on symptoms, medical history, and blood tests that detect antibodies to the hepatitis A virus. Liver function tests may also be performed to assess the extent of liver inflammation.
Treatment Options
There is no specific treatment for hepatitis A. Management focuses on supportive care to relieve symptoms and help the body recover:
- Rest
- Adequate hydration
- Eating small, light meals if nausea is present
- Avoiding alcohol and medications that can stress the liver
Most people recover fully within a few weeks to months and develop lifelong immunity to the virus.
Prevention
Hepatitis A can be prevented through:
- Vaccination, which is highly effective and recommended for all children and people at increased risk
- Practicing good hand hygiene, especially after using the toilet and before eating or preparing food
- Drinking safe, treated water and avoiding raw or undercooked foods in high-risk areas
- Avoiding close contact with infected individuals
When to Seek Medical Care
Seek medical attention if you experience:
- Severe or persistent abdominal pain
- Jaundice (yellowing of the skin or eyes)
- Persistent vomiting or inability to keep fluids down
- Signs of dehydration (such as dry mouth, decreased urination, or dizziness)
- Symptoms that worsen or do not improve
Takeaway
Hepatitis A is a preventable liver infection that usually resolves on its own. Vaccination and good hygiene are the best ways to protect yourself. If you develop symptoms of hepatitis A, supportive care and rest are important for recovery.