Introduction
Hepatitis B is a liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). Unlike hepatitis A, hepatitis B can become chronic, leading to long-term liver damage, cirrhosis, liver cancer, and liver failure. Hepatitis B is spread through contact with infected blood, semen, or other body fluids. Vaccination is highly effective in preventing hepatitis B infection.
Causes
Hepatitis B is caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). The virus is transmitted through:
- Unprotected sexual contact with an infected person
- Sharing needles or syringes for drug use
- Mother to child during birth (perinatal transmission)
- Accidental needle sticks or exposure to infected blood in healthcare settings
- Sharing personal items such as razors or toothbrushes with an infected person
Hepatitis B is not spread through casual contact, such as hugging, kissing, or sharing food or utensils.
Symptoms
Symptoms of hepatitis B can vary depending on whether the infection is acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term). Many people with acute hepatitis B have no symptoms or only mild symptoms. When symptoms do occur, they may include:
- Fatigue
- Loss of appetite
- Nausea and vomiting
- Abdominal pain, especially in the upper right side
- Dark urine
- Pale or clay-colored stools
- Joint pain
- Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)
Chronic hepatitis B may not cause symptoms for many years, even as the liver is being damaged.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis of hepatitis B involves blood tests to detect the presence of the virus and assess liver function. These tests can determine whether the infection is acute or chronic and whether the person is immune due to vaccination or past infection.
Treatment Options
Treatment for hepatitis B depends on whether the infection is acute or chronic:
- Acute hepatitis B: Usually requires only supportive care, such as rest, adequate hydration, and a healthy diet. Most adults clear the virus on their own within a few months.
- Chronic hepatitis B: Requires ongoing monitoring and treatment to prevent liver damage. Antiviral medications can help suppress the virus and reduce the risk of cirrhosis and liver cancer.
Regular monitoring of liver function and screening for liver cancer are important for people with chronic hepatitis B.
Prevention
Hepatitis B is highly preventable through:
- Vaccination, which is safe and effective and recommended for all infants, children, and adults at risk
- Practicing safe sex, including using condoms
- Avoiding sharing needles or syringes
- Ensuring that healthcare providers use sterile equipment
- Screening pregnant women for hepatitis B and providing treatment to prevent perinatal transmission
When to Seek Medical Care
Seek medical attention if you experience:
- Symptoms of hepatitis B, such as jaundice, fatigue, or abdominal pain
- Exposure to hepatitis B through unprotected sex, shared needles, or accidental needle sticks
- If you are pregnant and have hepatitis B
Takeaway
Hepatitis B is a serious liver infection that can lead to chronic liver disease. Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent hepatitis B. If you are at risk, get vaccinated and practice safe behaviors to protect your liver health.