Introduction
Appendicitis is an inflammation of the appendix, a small, finger-shaped pouch attached to the large intestine in the lower right side of the abdomen. It is a common cause of acute abdominal pain and is considered a medical emergency. If left untreated, an inflamed appendix can burst (rupture), leading to serious complications such as peritonitis (infection of the abdominal cavity).
Causes
Appendicitis usually occurs when the appendix becomes blocked, often by stool, a foreign body, or swelling of lymphatic tissue. This blockage allows bacteria to multiply inside the appendix, leading to inflammation, swelling, and infection. In rare cases, tumors or parasites can also cause blockage.
Symptoms
The classic symptoms of appendicitis include:
- Sudden pain that begins around the navel and often shifts to the lower right abdomen
- Pain that worsens with movement, coughing, or pressing on the area
- Loss of appetite
- Nausea and vomiting
- Low-grade fever
- Constipation or diarrhea
- Abdominal bloating
In young children, older adults, and pregnant women, symptoms may be less typical or harder to recognize.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis of appendicitis is based on a combination of:
- Medical history and physical examination (checking for tenderness in the lower right abdomen)
- Blood tests to look for signs of infection (elevated white blood cell count)
- Urine tests to rule out urinary tract infection or kidney stones
- Imaging studies, such as abdominal ultrasound or CT scan, to visualize the appendix and confirm inflammation
Treatment Options
The standard treatment for appendicitis is surgical removal of the appendix (appendectomy). This can be performed as:
- Laparoscopic surgery (minimally invasive, with small incisions and faster recovery)
- Open surgery (for complicated or ruptured cases)
In some cases of uncomplicated appendicitis, antibiotics may be used as an initial treatment, but surgery is usually recommended to prevent recurrence or complications.
If the appendix has ruptured, additional treatment with antibiotics and drainage of any abscess may be necessary.
Prevention
There is no sure way to prevent appendicitis, as the exact cause is often unknown. Maintaining a healthy diet with adequate fiber may help reduce the risk, but evidence is limited.
When to Seek Medical Care
Seek immediate medical attention if you or someone you know experiences:
- Sudden, severe abdominal pain, especially in the lower right side
- Pain that worsens with movement or touch
- Nausea, vomiting, or loss of appetite
- Fever
- Abdominal swelling or tenderness
Prompt treatment is essential to prevent complications.
Takeaway
Appendicitis is a common and potentially serious condition that requires prompt diagnosis and treatment. Early surgical intervention usually leads to a full recovery and prevents life-threatening complications.