Introduction Obesity is a chronic health condition characterized by excessive body fat that can negatively affect overall health. It increases the risk of many diseases, including heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure, certain cancers, and joint problems. Obesity is a…
Introduction Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is a condition in which one or more of the parathyroid glands produce too much parathyroid hormone (PTH). This hormone regulates calcium levels in the blood. Excess PTH leads to high calcium levels, which can cause…
Introduction Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) are conditions that affect women in the days or weeks leading up to their menstrual period. While PMS is common and usually mild, PMDD is a more severe form that can…
Introduction The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped organ located at the front of the neck. It produces hormones—mainly thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)—that regulate the body’s metabolism, energy levels, temperature, and many other vital functions. Proper thyroid function is…
Introduction Hyperthyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland produces too much thyroid hormone. These hormones control the body’s metabolism, so excess levels can speed up many bodily functions. Hyperthyroidism can affect people of all ages but is more…
Introduction Hypothyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormone. These hormones are essential for regulating metabolism, energy levels, and many bodily functions. Hypothyroidism is common, especially in women and older adults, and can…
Introduction Congenital lack of thyroid hormone, also known as congenital hypothyroidism, is a condition present at birth in which the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormone. These hormones are essential for normal growth, brain development, and metabolism. Early…
Introduction Thyroiditis refers to inflammation of the thyroid gland, which can lead to either overproduction or underproduction of thyroid hormones. The condition can be temporary or chronic and may cause a range of symptoms depending on the type and stage…
Introduction A goiter is an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland, which is located at the front of the neck. Goiters can vary in size and may or may not cause symptoms. While some goiters are harmless, others can signal…
Introduction Lymphedema is a condition characterized by swelling, usually in the arms or legs, caused by a buildup of lymph fluid. This occurs when the lymphatic system, which helps remove waste and fight infection, is damaged or blocked. Lymphedema can…
