Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a common vaginal infection caused by an imbalance of the bacteria that are normally present in the vagina. It is not considered a sexually transmitted infection (STI), but it is more common in sexually active individuals.
Causes
Bacterial vaginosis occurs when there is a disruption in the balance of bacteria in the vagina. Normally, Lactobacillus bacteria are dominant and help maintain a healthy vaginal environment. In BV, other bacteria, such as Gardnerella vaginalis, become more prevalent.
Factors that can contribute to this imbalance include:
- Douching: Disrupts the normal vaginal flora.
- Multiple sexual partners: Increases the risk of introducing new bacteria into the vagina.
- Lack of Lactobacillus bacteria: Some individuals may naturally have lower levels of these beneficial bacteria.
- Smoking: May increase the risk of BV.
Symptoms
The most common symptom of bacterial vaginosis is:
- A foul-smelling vaginal discharge, often described as fishy
- The discharge may be thin, white, or gray
- Some people may also experience itching, burning, or irritation in the vagina
Many people with BV have no symptoms at all.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis typically involves:
- Medical history and symptom review
- Pelvic examination
- Laboratory tests: Swabs to check for the presence of BV-associated bacteria.
- pH testing: BV often causes an increase in vaginal pH.
- Whiff test: A test to detect the characteristic fishy odor associated with BV.
Treatment Options
Bacterial vaginosis is treated with antibiotics, which can be:
- Oral: Metronidazole or clindamycin pills.
- Topical: Metronidazole gel or clindamycin cream inserted into the vagina.
It is important to follow the healthcare provider’s instructions and complete the full course of treatment. Sexual partners do not typically need to be treated unless they have symptoms.
Prevention
To reduce the risk of bacterial vaginosis:
- Avoid douching
- Limit the number of sexual partners
- Use condoms during sexual activity
- Avoid smoking
Takeaway
Bacterial vaginosis is a common vaginal infection that can cause a foul-smelling discharge. It is treatable with antibiotics, and preventive measures can help reduce the risk of recurrence.