Introduction
Bronchitis is an inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes, which carry air to and from the lungs. The condition can be either acute or chronic. Acute bronchitis is usually caused by a viral infection and resolves within a few weeks. Chronic bronchitis, on the other hand, is a long-term condition often caused by smoking and is a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Both types of bronchitis can cause coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath.
Causes
Acute bronchitis is most often caused by viral infections, such as those that cause the common cold or flu. Less commonly, it can be caused by bacterial infections. Irritants such as smoke, air pollution, dust, and chemical fumes can also trigger acute bronchitis. Chronic bronchitis is primarily caused by long-term exposure to irritants, most often cigarette smoke. Other causes include air pollution and occupational exposure to dust and fumes.
Symptoms
Symptoms of acute bronchitis typically include a cough (which may produce mucus), sore throat, runny nose, fatigue, headache, and muscle aches. The cough may persist for several weeks even after other symptoms have resolved. Symptoms of chronic bronchitis include a persistent cough that produces mucus, shortness of breath, wheezing, and chest discomfort. Symptoms may worsen during flare-ups or respiratory infections.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis of bronchitis involves a clinical evaluation by a healthcare provider. For acute bronchitis, the diagnosis is usually based on symptoms and a physical examination. A chest X-ray may be ordered to rule out pneumonia. For chronic bronchitis, lung function tests (such as spirometry) may be performed to assess airflow limitation and confirm the diagnosis. Sputum cultures may be used to identify bacterial infections.
Treatment Options
Treatment for acute bronchitis focuses on relieving symptoms. Rest, hydration, and over-the-counter pain relievers can help ease discomfort. Cough suppressants and expectorants may be used to manage cough. Antibiotics are generally not recommended for acute bronchitis unless a bacterial infection is suspected. Treatment for chronic bronchitis includes quitting smoking, using bronchodilators and inhaled corticosteroids to open the airways and reduce inflammation, and pulmonary rehabilitation to improve lung function and quality of life. Antibiotics may be prescribed during flare-ups to treat bacterial infections.
Prevention
Preventing bronchitis involves reducing exposure to risk factors. For acute bronchitis, practicing good hygiene, such as frequent handwashing, can help prevent viral infections. Avoiding exposure to irritants such as smoke and air pollution is also important. For chronic bronchitis, the most important preventive measure is to quit smoking. Vaccinations against influenza and pneumonia are recommended for people at higher risk.
When to Seek Medical Care
Seek medical attention if you experience:
- Difficulty breathing or shortness of breath
- High fever or chills
- Cough that produces bloody mucus
- Symptoms that worsen or do not improve after several weeks
- Chest pain or discomfort
Takeaway
Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes that can be either acute or chronic. Acute bronchitis is usually caused by viral infections and resolves on its own, while chronic bronchitis is a long-term condition often caused by smoking. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms and preventing complications. Quitting smoking and avoiding irritants are key to preventing chronic bronchitis.