Introduction Atherosclerosis is a condition in which the arteries become narrowed and hardened due to a buildup of fatty deposits, cholesterol, and other substances—collectively known as plaque—on their inner walls. This process can restrict blood flow and increase the risk…
Introduction Polycythemia is a condition in which the body produces too many red blood cells. This increases the thickness of the blood, making it harder for blood to flow and raising the risk of blood clots, stroke, and other complications.…
Introduction Iron deficiency is the most common nutritional deficiency worldwide and occurs when the body does not have enough iron to produce healthy red blood cells. Iron is essential for carrying oxygen throughout the body, and a deficiency can lead…
Introduction Anemia is a condition in which the body does not have enough healthy red blood cells to carry adequate oxygen to the tissues. This can lead to fatigue, weakness, and a range of other symptoms. Anemia is common and…
Introduction Low blood pressure, also known as hypotension, occurs when the force of blood against the walls of the arteries is lower than normal. While low blood pressure is often harmless and may even be a sign of good health,…
Introduction Hemophilia is a rare, inherited bleeding disorder in which the blood does not clot properly. This leads to prolonged bleeding after injuries, surgery, or even spontaneously, especially into joints and muscles. Hemophilia can range from mild to severe, and…
Introduction Vitamin B12 deficiency occurs when the body does not have enough vitamin B12, an essential nutrient needed for healthy nerve function, red blood cell production, and DNA synthesis. This deficiency can lead to a range of symptoms, from fatigue…
Introduction High blood pressure, also known as hypertension, is a common condition in which the force of blood against the walls of the arteries is consistently too high. Over time, untreated high blood pressure can damage blood vessels and increase…
Introduction Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) is a condition that affects the autonomic nervous system, causing an abnormal increase in heart rate when moving from lying down to standing up. POTS can lead to a range of symptoms, including dizziness,…
Introduction Some cardiovascular diseases are caused by genetic changes, meaning they are inherited or result from mutations in specific genes. These conditions can affect the heart’s structure, rhythm, or function and may increase the risk of heart disease, arrhythmias, or…
