Cervical cell changes refer to alterations in the cells lining the cervix, often detected during routine cervical screening (Pap smear or HPV test). While many changes are harmless and resolve on their own, some may indicate a risk for cervical cancer if left untreated.
Causes
Cervical cell changes are most commonly caused by infection with certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV). Other contributing factors include:
- Weakened immune system
- Smoking
- Long-term use of oral contraceptives
- Other sexually transmitted infections
Most HPV infections clear naturally, but persistent infection with high-risk HPV types can lead to abnormal cell changes.
Symptoms
Cervical cell changes usually do not cause symptoms. They are typically discovered during routine cervical screening. In rare cases, advanced changes may cause:
- Abnormal vaginal bleeding (such as after intercourse)
- Unusual vaginal discharge
- Pelvic pain
Diagnosis
Diagnosis involves:
- Cervical screening (Pap smear or HPV test) to detect abnormal cells
- Colposcopy, a procedure using a special microscope to examine the cervix more closely
- Biopsy, where a small sample of cervical tissue is taken for laboratory analysis
Treatment Options
Treatment depends on the severity of the cell changes:
- Mild changes: Often monitored with repeat testing, as they may resolve without treatment.
- Moderate to severe changes: May require removal of abnormal tissue using procedures such as cryotherapy (freezing), LEEP (loop electrosurgical excision procedure), or cone biopsy.
Regular follow-up is important to ensure that abnormal cells do not progress to cancer.
Prevention
To reduce the risk of cervical cell changes:
- Get vaccinated against HPV
- Attend regular cervical screening appointments
- Practice safe sex to reduce the risk of HPV and other infections
- Avoid smoking
Takeaway
Cervical cell changes are common and often resolve on their own. Regular screening and early treatment are key to preventing cervical cancer and maintaining reproductive health.