Introduction
Cholera is a severe diarrheal disease caused by infection with the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It is most commonly found in areas with poor sanitation and limited access to clean water. Cholera can cause rapid dehydration and, if left untreated, can be life-threatening. However, with prompt treatment, most people recover fully.
Causes
Cholera is caused by ingesting food or water contaminated with Vibrio cholerae. The bacteria produce a toxin in the intestines that leads to the rapid loss of fluids and electrolytes through profuse, watery diarrhea. Outbreaks are often linked to contaminated water supplies, inadequate sewage treatment, and crowded living conditions. Cholera is not usually spread directly from person to person but can spread quickly in communities with poor sanitation.
Symptoms
Symptoms of cholera can develop within hours to five days after exposure. The main symptoms include:
- Sudden onset of profuse, watery diarrhea, often described as “rice water” stools
- Vomiting
- Rapid dehydration
- Muscle cramps
- Thirst
- Weakness
- Reduced urine output
- In severe cases, shock and collapse
Without treatment, severe dehydration can lead to death within hours.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis of cholera is based on clinical symptoms and confirmed by laboratory testing of a stool sample to detect Vibrio cholerae. In outbreak settings, diagnosis is often made based on symptoms and the presence of similar cases in the community.
Treatment Options
The cornerstone of cholera treatment is rapid rehydration:
- Oral rehydration solution (ORS) is used to replace lost fluids and electrolytes.
- Intravenous fluids may be needed in cases of severe dehydration.
- Antibiotics can shorten the duration of illness and reduce fluid loss in severe cases, but are not always necessary.
- Zinc supplements may be recommended for children to help reduce the duration and severity of diarrhea.
Early and aggressive rehydration saves lives.
Prevention
Preventing cholera relies on safe water, good sanitation, and hygiene practices:
- Drink only water that has been boiled, filtered, or treated with chlorine.
- Wash hands frequently with soap and clean water, especially after using the toilet and before eating or preparing food.
- Eat food that is thoroughly cooked and served hot; avoid raw or undercooked seafood.
- Use proper sanitation facilities for disposal of human waste.
- In high-risk areas, cholera vaccines are available and can provide additional protection.
When to Seek Medical Care
Seek medical attention immediately if you or someone you know experiences:
- Profuse, watery diarrhea
- Signs of dehydration (such as extreme thirst, dry mouth, little or no urination, sunken eyes)
- Vomiting and inability to keep fluids down
- Weakness or confusion
Cholera can progress rapidly, so early treatment is critical.
Takeaway
Cholera is a potentially life-threatening diarrheal disease that spreads through contaminated water and food. Rapid rehydration and good hygiene are essential for treatment and prevention. In areas at risk, improving water and sanitation infrastructure and using vaccines can help control outbreaks.