If you’ve ever wondered why your doctor talks about “A1c” or “insulin,” you’re not alone. Diabetes is common—and manageable—with the right tools and habits.
What to know
- Diabetes is a condition where blood sugar (glucose) stays too high. This happens when your body doesn’t make enough insulin or can’t use it well.
- There are different types:
- Type 1: autoimmune—body stops making insulin.
- Type 2: insulin resistance—body doesn’t use insulin properly; over time the pancreas can’t keep up.
- Gestational diabetes: develops during pregnancy.
- You can feel fine and still have high blood sugar. That’s why screening is important.
- Management is a team effort: healthy eating, physical activity, medications or insulin when needed, and regular monitoring.
Take action
- Ask about screening if you’re 35+ or have risks (family history, higher weight, inactivity, certain ethnic backgrounds).
- Learn your numbers:
- A1c: average blood sugar over ~3 months. Many adults aim for <7% (individual goals vary).
- Fasting glucose: typically aim 80–130 mg/dL (4.4–7.2 mmol/L) before meals if recommended by your clinician.
- After-meal glucose: many aim <180 mg/dL (<10.0 mmol/L) 1–2 hours after starting a meal (individual targets vary).
- Start small with lifestyle:
- Build half your plate with non-starchy veggies; include lean protein and high‑fiber carbs.
- Aim for 150 minutes/week of moderate activity plus 2+ days of strength training.
- Set up your care team: primary care, possibly an endocrinologist, diabetes educator, and dietitian.
Talk to your doctor about
- Which tests you need and how often (A1c, fasting glucose, cholesterol, kidney labs, eye exams).
- Personalized glucose targets and whether a glucose meter or CGM is right for you.
- Medications, side effects, costs, and assistance programs.
- Vaccinations recommended for people with diabetes.
Quick glossary
- Glucose: sugar in your blood that fuels your body.
- Insulin: hormone that helps move glucose into cells.
- A1c: a lab test showing your average blood sugar over ~3 months.
- Insulin resistance: when cells don’t respond well to insulin.
Safety note
This article is educational and not a substitute for medical advice. Always follow your clinician’s guidance.