Introduction
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a condition in which the heart’s main pumping chamber, the left ventricle, becomes enlarged and weakened. This reduces the heart’s ability to pump blood efficiently, which can lead to heart failure and other complications. DCM can affect people of all ages, including children, and early diagnosis and treatment are important for improving outcomes.
Causes
DCM can result from a variety of causes. In many cases, it is linked to genetic mutations and may run in families. Other causes include viral infections, autoimmune diseases, excessive alcohol consumption, certain medications or toxins, and complications from other heart conditions. Sometimes, the cause remains unknown (idiopathic DCM).
Symptoms
Symptoms of DCM often develop gradually and may include fatigue, shortness of breath (especially during activity or when lying down), swelling in the legs, ankles, or feet, rapid or irregular heartbeat, chest pain, and reduced ability to exercise. In severe cases, DCM can lead to heart failure or abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias).
Diagnosis
Diagnosis involves a medical and family history, physical examination, and tests such as electrocardiogram (ECG), echocardiogram (ultrasound of the heart), chest X-ray, blood tests, and sometimes cardiac MRI or genetic testing. If you or a family member experience symptoms or have a family history of DCM, consult a doctor or cardiologist for evaluation.
Treatment Options
Treatment for DCM focuses on improving heart function, relieving symptoms, and preventing complications. Medications such as ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, diuretics, and anticoagulants are commonly used. In some cases, devices like pacemakers or implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) may be needed to manage abnormal heart rhythms. For severe cases, a heart transplant may be considered.
Simple measures such as following a heart-healthy diet, limiting salt intake, avoiding alcohol, staying physically active (as advised by your doctor), and attending regular check-ups are important. If symptoms worsen or new issues arise, consult a doctor promptly.
Prevention
While some cases of DCM cannot be prevented, managing risk factors, avoiding excessive alcohol, and treating underlying health conditions can help reduce risk. Family screening and genetic counseling are important for those with a family history of DCM.
Takeaway
Dilated cardiomyopathy is a serious heart condition, but with early diagnosis, proper treatment, and ongoing care, many people can manage their symptoms and maintain a good quality of life. If you have symptoms or a family history of DCM, consult a doctor or cardiologist for assessment and support.