Introduction
Dysentery is a type of intestinal infection that causes severe diarrhea with blood and mucus. One of the most common causes of dysentery worldwide is infection with the bacterium Shigella. Shigella dysentery, also known as shigellosis, is highly contagious and can spread rapidly, especially in areas with poor sanitation. While most cases are mild, shigellosis can sometimes lead to serious complications, particularly in young children, the elderly, and people with weakened immune systems.
Causes
Shigella dysentery is caused by bacteria of the genus Shigella. The infection spreads through the fecal-oral route, often via contaminated food or water, or by direct contact with an infected person. Outbreaks are common in crowded environments such as daycare centers, schools, and refugee camps. The bacteria invade the lining of the intestines, causing inflammation and ulceration, which leads to the characteristic symptoms of dysentery.
Symptoms
Symptoms of shigella dysentery usually appear one to three days after exposure and can include:
- Sudden onset of diarrhea, often with blood and mucus
- Abdominal cramps and pain
- Fever
- Nausea and vomiting
- Urgency to have a bowel movement
- Fatigue and dehydration
In severe cases, complications such as seizures (especially in children), hemolytic uremic syndrome (a type of kidney failure), or toxic megacolon can occur.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis of shigella dysentery is based on clinical symptoms and confirmed by laboratory tests. A healthcare provider may request:
- Stool sample analysis to detect Shigella bacteria
- Blood tests to assess dehydration and complications
- Additional tests if severe symptoms or complications are suspected
Treatment Options
Most cases of shigella dysentery are self-limiting and resolve within a week. Treatment focuses on:
- Maintaining hydration with oral rehydration solutions or intravenous fluids in severe cases
- Rest and supportive care
- Antibiotics may be prescribed for severe cases, young children, or people with weakened immune systems, but resistance to antibiotics is increasingly common
- Avoiding anti-diarrheal medications, as they can worsen the infection
Prevention
Preventing shigella dysentery involves good hygiene and sanitation practices:
- Frequent and thorough handwashing with soap and water, especially after using the toilet and before eating
- Drinking safe, treated water and avoiding food from unreliable sources
- Proper disposal of human waste
- Educating communities about hygiene, especially in high-risk settings
When to Seek Medical Care
Seek medical attention if you or your child experience:
- Persistent or severe diarrhea, especially with blood or mucus
- Signs of dehydration (such as dry mouth, decreased urination, or dizziness)
- High fever
- Severe abdominal pain
- Symptoms that do not improve within a few days
- Seizures or confusion
Takeaway
Shigella dysentery is a highly contagious bacterial infection that causes bloody diarrhea and abdominal pain. Good hygiene, safe food and water practices, and prompt medical care are essential for prevention and recovery. If you develop symptoms of dysentery, especially after travel or in outbreak settings, seek medical care for diagnosis and appropriate treatment.