Endometriosis is a chronic condition in which tissue similar to the lining of the uterus (endometrium) grows outside the uterus. This misplaced tissue can cause pain, inflammation, and sometimes fertility problems.
Causes
The exact cause of endometriosis is not fully understood, but several factors may contribute:
- Retrograde menstruation: Menstrual blood flows backward through the fallopian tubes into the pelvic cavity.
- Immune system disorders: The body may fail to recognize and destroy endometrial-like tissue outside the uterus.
- Genetic factors: A family history of endometriosis increases risk.
- Hormonal influences: Estrogen appears to promote the growth of endometrial tissue.
Symptoms
Symptoms of endometriosis can vary in severity and may include:
- Pelvic pain, especially during menstruation
- Pain during or after sexual intercourse
- Pain with bowel movements or urination, particularly during periods
- Heavy or irregular menstrual bleeding
- Fatigue
- Infertility or difficulty becoming pregnant
Some people with endometriosis may have mild symptoms, while others experience severe pain and complications.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis typically involves:
- A detailed medical history and discussion of symptoms
- Pelvic examination to check for abnormalities
- Imaging tests such as ultrasound or MRI to identify cysts or tissue growths
- Laparoscopy, a minor surgical procedure, is the only definitive way to diagnose endometriosis by directly viewing and sometimes removing tissue
Treatment Options
Treatment depends on the severity of symptoms and whether fertility is a concern:
- Pain relief: Over-the-counter or prescription pain medications
- Hormonal therapy: Birth control pills, hormonal IUDs, or medications that suppress estrogen production
- Surgery: Laparoscopic removal of endometrial tissue for pain relief or to improve fertility
- Lifestyle changes: Regular exercise, stress management, and dietary adjustments may help manage symptoms
Prevention
There is no known way to prevent endometriosis, but early diagnosis and treatment can help manage symptoms and reduce complications.
Takeaway
Endometriosis is a chronic but manageable condition. If you experience persistent pelvic pain or other symptoms, consult a healthcare provider for evaluation and support.