Genital herpes is a common sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV). It can cause painful sores and discomfort in the genital and surrounding areas, and it often recurs over time.
Causes
Genital herpes is primarily caused by two types of herpes simplex virus:
- HSV-2: Most commonly responsible for genital herpes.
- HSV-1: Traditionally causes oral herpes but can also cause genital infections through oral-genital contact.
The virus is spread through skin-to-skin contact during vaginal, anal, or oral sex with an infected person, even if they do not have visible sores.
Symptoms
Many people with genital herpes have mild symptoms or none at all. When symptoms do occur, they may include:
- Painful blisters or sores on the genitals, anus, thighs, or buttocks
- Itching, tingling, or burning sensations in the affected area
- Pain during urination
- Flu-like symptoms, such as fever and swollen lymph nodes, especially during the first outbreak
After the initial infection, the virus remains dormant in the body and can reactivate, causing recurrent outbreaks.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis is usually based on a physical examination and the appearance of sores. Laboratory tests, such as swabs from sores or blood tests, can confirm the presence of HSV and determine the type.
Treatment Options
There is no cure for genital herpes, but symptoms can be managed with:
- Antiviral medications: Drugs such as acyclovir, valacyclovir, or famciclovir can reduce the severity and duration of outbreaks and lower the risk of transmission.
- Pain relief: Over-the-counter pain relievers and warm baths can help ease discomfort.
- Self-care: Keeping the affected area clean and dry, wearing loose clothing, and avoiding irritants can promote healing.
Suppressive antiviral therapy may be recommended for people with frequent outbreaks.
Prevention
To reduce the risk of contracting or spreading genital herpes:
- Use condoms or dental dams during sexual activity
- Avoid sexual contact during outbreaks or when symptoms are present
- Communicate openly with sexual partners about STI status
- Regular STI screening for sexually active individuals
Takeaway
Genital herpes is a lifelong infection, but with proper management, most people can control symptoms and reduce the risk of transmission. Open communication and safe sex practices are key to prevention and healthy relationships.