Introduction
A heart attack, also known as myocardial infarction, occurs when the blood flow to a part of the heart muscle is suddenly blocked, usually by a blood clot. This deprives the heart muscle of oxygen, causing damage or death to the affected tissue. A heart attack is a medical emergency that requires immediate treatment to save heart muscle and reduce the risk of complications.
Causes
The most common cause of a heart attack is the buildup of fatty deposits (plaque) in the coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart. When a plaque ruptures, a blood clot can form and block the artery. Other causes include severe spasm of a coronary artery or, rarely, a tear in the artery wall. Risk factors include high blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking, diabetes, obesity, lack of physical activity, family history, and stress.
Symptoms
Symptoms of a heart attack can vary but often include chest pain or discomfort (pressure, squeezing, fullness, or pain), pain radiating to the arm, neck, jaw, or back, shortness of breath, sweating, nausea, vomiting, lightheadedness, or a feeling of impending doom. Some people, especially women, older adults, and people with diabetes, may have atypical symptoms such as fatigue, indigestion, or mild discomfort.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis is based on symptoms, physical examination, and tests such as electrocardiogram (ECG), blood tests for heart enzymes, and imaging studies like echocardiogram or coronary angiography. If you or someone you know experiences symptoms of a heart attack, seek emergency medical care immediately.
Treatment Options
Immediate treatment for a heart attack focuses on restoring blood flow to the heart. This may include medications to dissolve clots, procedures such as angioplasty and stent placement, or, in some cases, coronary artery bypass surgery. After the acute event, ongoing treatment includes medications to reduce the risk of another heart attack, lifestyle changes, cardiac rehabilitation, and regular follow-up with a doctor.
Simple measures such as calling emergency services at the first sign of symptoms, taking prescribed medications, and making heart-healthy lifestyle changes are crucial for recovery and prevention.
Prevention
Preventing a heart attack involves managing risk factors: control blood pressure and cholesterol, quit smoking, eat a balanced diet, exercise regularly, maintain a healthy weight, and manage stress. Regular check-ups and following your doctor’s advice are key.
Takeaway
A heart attack is a life-threatening emergency that requires immediate action. Recognizing the symptoms and seeking prompt treatment can save lives and improve outcomes. If you have risk factors or experience symptoms, consult a doctor or seek emergency care right away.