Hepatitis B is a viral infection that attacks the liver and can cause both acute and chronic disease. It is a significant global health problem, and understanding its causes, symptoms, and prevention is crucial for public health.
Causes
Hepatitis B is caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). The virus is transmitted through:
- Contact with infected blood: Sharing needles, syringes, or other drug-injection equipment.
- Sexual contact: Unprotected sex with an infected person.
- Mother to child: During childbirth, if the mother is infected.
- Other routes: Sharing razors, toothbrushes, or other personal items that may be contaminated with blood.
Symptoms
Many people with hepatitis B do not have symptoms, especially during the acute phase. When symptoms do occur, they can include:
- Fever
- Fatigue
- Loss of appetite
- Nausea and vomiting
- Abdominal pain
- Dark urine
- Clay-colored stools
- Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)
Chronic hepatitis B may lead to serious liver damage, cirrhosis, liver cancer, and liver failure.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis of hepatitis B involves blood tests to detect the presence of the virus and assess liver function. These tests can determine:
- If you have an acute or chronic infection
- If you are immune to the virus
- The level of virus in your blood
Treatment Options
Treatment for hepatitis B depends on whether the infection is acute or chronic:
- Acute Hepatitis B: Usually resolves on its own with supportive care, such as rest, fluids, and a healthy diet.
- Chronic Hepatitis B: Requires antiviral medications to suppress the virus and prevent liver damage. Regular monitoring is necessary to assess liver function and treatment effectiveness.
Prevention
Hepatitis B is preventable through:
- Vaccination: The hepatitis B vaccine is safe and effective and is recommended for all infants, children, and adults at risk.
- Safe sex practices: Using condoms during sexual activity.
- Avoiding sharing needles: Not sharing needles or other drug-injection equipment.
- Screening pregnant women: Testing pregnant women for HBV and providing treatment to prevent transmission to the baby.
Takeaway
Hepatitis B is a serious liver infection that can be prevented through vaccination and safe practices. Early detection and treatment are essential to prevent long-term complications.