HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is a virus that attacks the body’s immune system, specifically the CD4 cells (T cells), which help the body fight infection. If left untreated, HIV can lead to the disease known as AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome), the most advanced stage of HIV infection.
Causes
HIV is transmitted through the exchange of certain body fluids from a person who has HIV. The most common routes of transmission include:
- Unprotected sexual contact with an infected person
- Sharing needles, syringes, or other drug-injection equipment
- From mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding
- Less commonly, through blood transfusions or organ transplants with infected blood
HIV is not spread through casual contact, such as hugging, shaking hands, or sharing food and drinks.
Symptoms
Symptoms of HIV vary depending on the stage of infection:
- Acute HIV infection: Some people experience flu-like symptoms within 2–4 weeks after infection, such as fever, sore throat, rash, and swollen glands.
- Chronic HIV infection: Many people may not have symptoms for years, but the virus continues to damage the immune system.
- AIDS: As the immune system becomes severely weakened, symptoms may include rapid weight loss, recurring fever, night sweats, extreme fatigue, prolonged swelling of lymph glands, and frequent infections or illnesses.
Diagnosis
HIV is diagnosed through blood or saliva tests that detect the presence of the virus or antibodies to it. Early testing is important for timely treatment and to prevent transmission to others. Additional tests may be used to monitor the progression of the disease and the effectiveness of treatment.
Treatment Options
There is no cure for HIV, but it can be controlled with proper medical care:
- Antiretroviral therapy (ART): This combination of medications helps lower the amount of virus in the body, maintain immune function, and prevent progression to AIDS.
- Regular monitoring: Ongoing medical care is essential to track the health of the immune system and manage any complications.
- Supportive care: Counseling, nutritional support, and treatment for other infections may be needed.
With effective treatment, people with HIV can live long, healthy lives and reduce the risk of transmitting the virus to others.
Prevention
Preventing HIV involves several strategies:
- Use condoms during sexual activity
- Get tested regularly and know your partner’s HIV status
- Do not share needles or drug-injection equipment
- Take pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) if at high risk
- Pregnant women with HIV should receive treatment to reduce the risk of transmission to the baby
Takeaway
HIV is a manageable chronic condition with early diagnosis and consistent treatment. Practicing safe behaviors and regular testing are key to prevention and maintaining health.