Irregular or missed periods, also known as menstrual irregularities, refer to changes in the normal menstrual cycle. This can include periods that are too frequent, too infrequent, too heavy, too light, or completely absent.
Causes
Irregular or missed periods can result from a variety of causes, including:
- Hormonal imbalances: Fluctuations in estrogen and progesterone levels can disrupt the menstrual cycle.
- Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): A common hormonal disorder that can cause irregular periods, excess androgen levels, and cysts on the ovaries.
- Thyroid disorders: Both hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) and hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) can affect menstruation.
- Stress: High levels of stress can disrupt hormone balance and affect the menstrual cycle.
- Weight changes: Significant weight gain or loss can affect hormone levels and menstruation.
- Eating disorders: Anorexia and bulimia can cause irregular or absent periods.
- Excessive exercise: Intense physical activity can disrupt the menstrual cycle.
- Pregnancy: Missed periods are often the first sign of pregnancy.
- Breastfeeding: Can suppress ovulation and menstruation.
- Perimenopause: The transition to menopause can cause irregular periods.
- Medications: Certain medications can affect the menstrual cycle.
- Uterine abnormalities: Fibroids, polyps, or scarring can cause irregular bleeding.
Symptoms
Symptoms associated with irregular or missed periods may include:
- Periods that occur more frequently than every 21 days or less frequently than every 35 days
- Periods that last longer than 7 days or shorter than 2 days
- Heavy or light bleeding
- Spotting between periods
- Complete absence of periods for three months or more (amenorrhea)
Diagnosis
Diagnosis typically involves:
- Medical history and symptom review
- Physical examination
- Pregnancy test: To rule out pregnancy.
- Blood tests: To check hormone levels, thyroid function, and rule out other conditions.
- Pelvic ultrasound: To visualize the uterus and ovaries.
- Endometrial biopsy: A sample of the uterine lining may be taken for laboratory analysis.
Treatment Options
Treatment depends on the underlying cause of irregular or missed periods:
- Hormonal birth control: Can regulate the menstrual cycle and manage symptoms.
- Lifestyle changes: Stress management, weight management, and regular exercise.
- Thyroid medication: If a thyroid disorder is present.
- Fertility treatments: For those trying to conceive.
- Surgery: If uterine abnormalities are present.
Prevention
While not all causes of irregular periods can be prevented, you can reduce risk by:
- Maintaining a healthy lifestyle
- Managing stress
- Attending regular gynecological check-ups
Takeaway
Irregular or missed periods are common and can result from a variety of causes. If you experience significant changes in your menstrual cycle, consult a healthcare provider for evaluation and appropriate treatment.