Ovarian cysts are fluid-filled sacs that develop on or inside the ovaries. Most ovarian cysts are harmless and resolve on their own, but some can cause symptoms or complications that require medical attention.
Causes
Ovarian cysts can form for several reasons:
- Normal menstrual cycle: Functional cysts, such as follicular cysts and corpus luteum cysts, are the most common and develop as part of the menstrual cycle.
- Hormonal imbalances: Conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) can lead to multiple cysts.
- Endometriosis: Endometriomas are cysts caused by endometrial tissue growing on the ovaries.
- Pregnancy: Cysts can form during early pregnancy to support the pregnancy until the placenta develops.
- Other causes: Rarely, cysts may be related to tumors or infections.
Symptoms
Many ovarian cysts do not cause symptoms and are discovered incidentally during pelvic exams or imaging. When symptoms do occur, they may include:
- Pelvic pain or pressure
- Bloating or swelling in the abdomen
- Pain during intercourse
- Changes in menstrual periods
- Frequent or difficult urination if a cyst presses on the bladder
- Sudden, severe pain if a cyst ruptures or causes ovarian torsion
Diagnosis
Diagnosis typically involves:
- Pelvic examination: To feel for swelling or masses.
- Ultrasound: To visualize the size, shape, and type of cyst.
- Blood tests: To check hormone levels or rule out cancer (such as CA-125 test).
- Other imaging: MRI or CT scans in certain cases.
Treatment Options
Treatment depends on the type, size, and symptoms of the cyst:
- Watchful waiting: Many cysts resolve on their own and only require monitoring.
- Medications: Hormonal contraceptives may help prevent new cysts from forming.
- Surgery: Removal may be necessary if the cyst is large, persistent, causing symptoms, or appears suspicious for cancer.
Prevention
There is no guaranteed way to prevent ovarian cysts, but regular pelvic exams can help detect them early. Managing underlying conditions like PCOS and maintaining a healthy lifestyle may also help reduce risk.
Takeaway
Ovarian cysts are common and often harmless, but persistent or painful cysts should be evaluated by a healthcare provider. Early detection and appropriate management can help prevent complications.