Introduction
Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is a condition in which one or more of the parathyroid glands produce too much parathyroid hormone (PTH). This hormone regulates calcium levels in the blood. Excess PTH leads to high calcium levels, which can cause a range of symptoms and increase the risk of complications such as kidney stones and bone loss. Early diagnosis and treatment are important for preventing long-term health problems.
Causes
PHPT is most often caused by a benign tumor (adenoma) on one of the parathyroid glands. Less commonly, it can result from enlargement of multiple glands (hyperplasia) or, rarely, parathyroid cancer. The exact reason why these changes occur is not always known, but genetic factors may play a role in some cases.
Symptoms
Many people with PHPT have no symptoms and the condition is discovered through routine blood tests. When symptoms do occur, they may include fatigue, weakness, depression, bone or joint pain, frequent urination, kidney stones, abdominal pain, nausea, loss of appetite, and confusion. Over time, high calcium levels can lead to osteoporosis and fractures.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis involves blood tests showing elevated calcium and PTH levels. Additional tests may include urine tests, bone density scans, and imaging studies to locate abnormal parathyroid glands. If you have symptoms or abnormal calcium levels, consult a doctor for evaluation.
Treatment Options
Treatment depends on the severity of symptoms and calcium levels. Surgery to remove the overactive gland(s) is the most common and effective treatment. For those who are not candidates for surgery, monitoring and medications to lower calcium levels or protect bone health may be recommended. Regular follow-up is important to monitor for complications.
Simple measures such as staying hydrated, maintaining a balanced diet, and following your doctor’s advice can help manage symptoms and reduce risks. If you develop new symptoms or complications, consult a doctor promptly.
Prevention
There is no known way to prevent PHPT, but early detection and treatment can prevent complications. Regular check-ups and blood tests are important, especially for those with a family history of parathyroid or calcium disorders.
Takeaway
PHPT is a condition that can lead to high calcium levels and serious health problems if left untreated. With early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, most people can manage the condition effectively. If you have symptoms or abnormal blood test results, consult a doctor for assessment and support.