Introduction
Polycythemia is a condition in which the body produces too many red blood cells. This increases the thickness of the blood, making it harder for blood to flow and raising the risk of blood clots, stroke, and other complications. Polycythemia can be a primary disorder or develop as a result of other medical conditions. Early diagnosis and management are important to reduce health risks.
Causes
Polycythemia can be classified as primary or secondary. The most common primary form is polycythemia vera, a rare blood disorder caused by a genetic mutation that leads to uncontrolled red blood cell production. Secondary polycythemia occurs when another condition causes increased red blood cell production, such as chronic low oxygen levels (from lung disease or living at high altitude), certain tumors, or kidney problems. Smoking and use of performance-enhancing drugs can also contribute.
Symptoms
Symptoms of polycythemia may develop gradually and include headache, dizziness, blurred vision, itching (especially after a hot shower), redness of the skin, high blood pressure, and a feeling of fullness in the left upper abdomen (due to an enlarged spleen). Some people may experience fatigue, night sweats, or unexplained weight loss. The risk of blood clots, which can cause pain, swelling, or more serious complications like stroke or heart attack, is increased.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis involves a medical history, physical examination, and blood tests to measure red blood cell count, hemoglobin, and hematocrit levels. Additional tests may include genetic testing, bone marrow biopsy, and evaluation for underlying causes. If you notice symptoms or have risk factors, consult a doctor for assessment.
Treatment Options
Treatment aims to reduce the number of red blood cells and lower the risk of complications. For polycythemia vera, regular removal of blood (phlebotomy) is often used, similar to donating blood. Medications may be prescribed to reduce blood cell production or lower the risk of blood clots. Treating underlying conditions is important in secondary polycythemia.
Simple measures such as staying well-hydrated, avoiding smoking, and managing other health conditions can help. If you experience symptoms of blood clots, such as sudden pain, swelling, or difficulty breathing, seek medical attention immediately.
Prevention
There is no way to prevent primary polycythemia, but managing risk factors and underlying conditions can help reduce the risk of secondary polycythemia and its complications. Regular check-ups and blood tests are important for those at risk.
Takeaway
Polycythemia is a condition that increases the risk of blood clots and other complications. With early diagnosis, regular monitoring, and appropriate treatment, most people can manage their symptoms and reduce health risks. If you notice symptoms or have concerns, consult a doctor for guidance.