Introduction
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a common virus that infects the respiratory tract, especially in infants and young children. While RSV usually causes mild, cold-like symptoms, it can lead to more serious illnesses such as bronchiolitis and pneumonia, particularly in babies under one year of age and children with underlying health conditions. RSV is a leading cause of hospitalization in young children during the autumn and winter months.
Causes
RSV is highly contagious and spreads through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. The virus can also survive on surfaces and objects, making it easy for children to become infected by touching contaminated items and then touching their face. Crowded environments, such as daycare centers and schools, increase the risk of transmission. Premature infants, children with chronic lung or heart disease, and those with weakened immune systems are at higher risk for severe RSV infection.
Symptoms
Symptoms of RSV infection typically appear four to six days after exposure and can range from mild to severe. Early symptoms resemble those of a common cold and may include:
- Runny nose
- Decreased appetite
- Cough
- Sneezing
- Fever
- Wheezing
In infants and young children, RSV can cause more serious symptoms such as:
- Rapid or difficult breathing
- Flaring of the nostrils
- Retractions (pulling in of the chest muscles when breathing)
- Irritability
- Poor feeding
- Apnea (pauses in breathing), especially in very young infants
Diagnosis
Diagnosis of RSV is usually based on a clinical evaluation of symptoms and a physical examination. In some cases, a healthcare provider may use a nasal swab to test for RSV or other respiratory viruses. Chest X-rays and blood tests may be performed if severe illness or complications are suspected.
Treatment Options
There is no specific cure for RSV infection; treatment focuses on relieving symptoms and supporting breathing. Most children recover at home with supportive care, including:
- Ensuring adequate fluid intake to prevent dehydration
- Using a bulb syringe or saline drops to clear nasal congestion
- Managing fever with acetaminophen or ibuprofen (as directed by a healthcare provider)
- Monitoring for signs of breathing difficulty
In severe cases, especially in infants or children with underlying health conditions, hospitalization may be necessary for:
- Oxygen therapy
- Intravenous fluids
- Assisted ventilation in cases of respiratory failure
Antibiotics are not effective against RSV, as it is a viral infection.
Prevention
Preventing RSV infection involves good hygiene and minimizing exposure to the virus. Strategies include:
- Frequent handwashing
- Avoiding close contact with sick individuals
- Cleaning and disinfecting toys and surfaces
- Keeping infants away from crowded places during RSV season
- Not smoking around children, as tobacco smoke increases the risk of severe RSV disease
For high-risk infants, a medication called palivizumab may be given during RSV season to help prevent severe infection.
When to Seek Medical Care
Seek medical attention promptly if your child experiences:
- Difficulty breathing or rapid breathing
- Wheezing or persistent cough
- Bluish lips or face
- Signs of dehydration (such as dry mouth, lack of tears, or decreased urination)
- High fever or lethargy
- Apnea (pauses in breathing)
Takeaway
RSV is a common respiratory virus that can cause mild to severe illness in children, especially infants and those with underlying health conditions. Most children recover with supportive care at home, but severe cases may require hospitalization. Practicing good hygiene and taking preventive measures can help reduce the risk of RSV infection.