Rubella is a contagious viral illness that is usually mild in children and adults, with low fever, swollen lymph nodes, and a fine pink rash. It is dangerous in pregnancy because it can harm a developing baby.
How it spreads
- Respiratory droplets from coughs and sneezes.
- People are contagious from about a week before the rash to a week after it starts.
Symptoms
- Mild fever, headache, runny nose, red eyes.
- Tender, swollen lymph nodes behind the ears and at the back of the neck.
- Fine, pink rash that starts on the face and spreads down the body; usually lasts around 3 days.
- In teens/adults, joint pain or swelling is common, especially in women.
Why it matters
- Infection during early pregnancy can cause miscarriage, stillbirth, or congenital rubella syndrome (hearing loss, heart defects, eye problems). Preventing infection in pregnancy is critical.
When to seek medical advice
- If you’re pregnant or could be pregnant and were exposed to rubella or have symptoms—contact your clinician right away.
- Anyone with rash and fever should check vaccination status and seek advice, especially during outbreaks.
Diagnosis and treatment
- Diagnosis is based on symptoms and confirmed with blood tests.
- No specific antiviral treatment is needed in most cases; rest, fluids, and fever control are usually enough.
Prevention
- MMR vaccine provides strong protection:
- Two childhood doses; adults without immunity should get vaccinated.
- People who may become pregnant should confirm immunity before conception; avoid pregnancy for 4 weeks after vaccination.
- If infected, avoid contact with pregnant people and follow isolation guidance (usually 7 days after rash onset).