Introduction
A stomach ulcer, also known as a peptic ulcer, is a sore that develops in the lining of the stomach or the upper part of the small intestine (duodenum). Ulcers occur when the protective mucus layer is weakened, allowing stomach acid to damage the underlying tissue. Stomach ulcers are a common digestive problem and can cause significant discomfort if left untreated.
Causes
The most common causes of stomach ulcers are:
- Infection with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori): This bacterium weakens the protective lining of the stomach and is responsible for most ulcers.
- Long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): Medications such as ibuprofen, aspirin, and naproxen can irritate or damage the stomach lining.
- Other factors: Smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, severe stress, and certain medical conditions can increase the risk of developing ulcers.
Contrary to popular belief, spicy foods and stress alone do not cause ulcers, but they can worsen symptoms.
Symptoms
Symptoms of a stomach ulcer can vary in severity and may include:
- Burning or gnawing pain in the upper abdomen, often between meals or at night
- Bloating or feeling full quickly
- Nausea or vomiting
- Loss of appetite and weight loss
- Dark, tarry stools (a sign of bleeding)
- Vomiting blood (which may look like coffee grounds)
- In severe cases, sudden, sharp abdominal pain (which may indicate a perforated ulcer)
Diagnosis
Diagnosis of a stomach ulcer involves:
- Medical history and physical examination
- Testing for H. pylori infection (breath, blood, stool, or biopsy tests)
- Upper endoscopy (EGD) to visualize the ulcer and take tissue samples if needed
- Upper GI series (X-rays with contrast) in some cases
Treatment Options
Treatment aims to heal the ulcer, relieve symptoms, and prevent complications:
- Medications:
- Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) or H2 blockers to reduce stomach acid
- Antibiotics to eradicate H. pylori infection
- Antacids for temporary symptom relief
- Medications to protect the stomach lining (such as sucralfate)
- Lifestyle changes:
- Avoiding NSAIDs if possible
- Quitting smoking and limiting alcohol
- Eating smaller, more frequent meals
Most ulcers heal with proper treatment, but follow-up is important to ensure healing and prevent recurrence.
Prevention
To help prevent stomach ulcers:
- Limit use of NSAIDs and use the lowest effective dose for the shortest time
- Treat H. pylori infection if present
- Avoid smoking and excessive alcohol consumption
- Manage stress and eat a balanced diet
When to Seek Medical Care
Seek immediate medical attention if you experience:
- Severe or persistent abdominal pain
- Vomiting blood or material that looks like coffee grounds
- Black, tarry stools
- Sudden, sharp abdominal pain
These may be signs of a bleeding or perforated ulcer, which are medical emergencies.
Takeaway
Stomach ulcers are common but treatable. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment can relieve symptoms and prevent serious complications. If you have symptoms of an ulcer, consult a healthcare provider for evaluation and care.