Introduction In-toeing (also known as pigeon toe) and out-toeing are conditions where the feet turn inward or outward when walking or standing. These conditions are common in children and can result from various factors affecting the bones, muscles, or joints…
Introduction Clubfoot, medically known as pes equinovarus adductus (PEVA), is a congenital deformity in which one or both feet are twisted inward and downward. This condition is present at birth and affects the bones, muscles, tendons, and blood vessels of…
Introduction Leg length discrepancy (LLD) in children refers to a condition where one leg is shorter than the other. This difference can range from a few millimeters to several centimeters and may affect walking, posture, and overall musculoskeletal health. Early…
Introduction Toe walking is a gait pattern in which a child walks on the balls of their feet, with little or no contact between the heels and the ground. While toe walking is common in toddlers who are just learning…
Introduction Growing pains are a common and harmless cause of discomfort in children, typically occurring in the legs. These pains most often affect children between the ages of 3 and 12 and are not associated with any underlying disease or…
Introduction Hip dislocation in newborns, also known as developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH), is a condition where the hip joint is not properly formed, allowing the head of the femur (thigh bone) to slip out of its socket. Early…
Introduction Hip problems in children can arise from a variety of causes and may present as pain, limping, or restricted movement. Early recognition and appropriate management are essential to prevent long-term complications and support healthy growth and development. Hip disorders…
Introduction Tourette’s syndrome is a neurological condition that typically begins in childhood and is characterized by repetitive, involuntary movements and vocalizations known as tics. While the symptoms can be challenging, many children with Tourette’s lead healthy, active lives with the…
Introduction Down syndrome is a genetic condition that occurs when a person has an extra copy of chromosome 21. This additional genetic material affects development, leading to characteristic physical features, intellectual disability, and an increased risk of certain health problems.…
Introduction Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of lifelong disorders that affect movement, muscle tone, and posture. It is caused by damage to the developing brain, usually before, during, or shortly after birth. The effects of CP can range from…
