Introduction In-toeing (also known as pigeon toe) and out-toeing are conditions where the feet turn inward or outward when walking or standing. These conditions are common in children and can result from various factors affecting the bones, muscles, or joints…
Introduction Clubfoot, medically known as pes equinovarus adductus (PEVA), is a congenital deformity in which one or both feet are twisted inward and downward. This condition is present at birth and affects the bones, muscles, tendons, and blood vessels of…
Introduction Leg length discrepancy (LLD) in children refers to a condition where one leg is shorter than the other. This difference can range from a few millimeters to several centimeters and may affect walking, posture, and overall musculoskeletal health. Early…
Introduction Osgood-Schlatter disease is a common cause of knee pain in growing children and adolescents, especially those who are physically active. The condition involves inflammation of the area just below the knee where the patellar tendon attaches to the shinbone…
Introduction Syndactyly is a congenital condition in which two or more fingers or toes are fused together, either by skin, soft tissue, or bone. This fusion can affect function and appearance, and may occur as an isolated finding or as…
Introduction Hip dislocation in newborns, also known as developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH), is a condition where the hip joint is not properly formed, allowing the head of the femur (thigh bone) to slip out of its socket. Early…
Introduction Knee pain is a common complaint among children and adolescents, particularly those who are physically active. Knee problems can range from minor, self-limiting conditions to more serious injuries or underlying medical issues. Early recognition and appropriate management are essential…
