Introduction
Temporal arteritis, also known as giant cell arteritis, is an inflammatory condition that affects the large and medium-sized arteries, particularly those in the head and neck. The inflammation can cause headaches, vision problems, and jaw pain, and may lead to serious complications such as vision loss if not treated promptly. Early recognition and medical intervention are crucial for preventing long-term damage.
Causes
The exact cause of temporal arteritis is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve an abnormal immune response that leads to inflammation of the blood vessel walls. The condition most commonly affects adults over the age of 50 and is more prevalent in women. Genetic factors and certain infections may increase the risk.
Symptoms
Common symptoms of temporal arteritis include persistent headache (often at the temples), scalp tenderness, jaw pain when chewing, and vision changes such as blurred or double vision. Some people may experience fever, fatigue, weight loss, or pain and stiffness in the shoulders and hips (a related condition called polymyalgia rheumatica). Sudden, painless vision loss in one eye is a medical emergency.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis is based on a combination of medical history, physical examination, and laboratory tests. Blood tests may show elevated markers of inflammation, such as ESR or CRP. A temporal artery biopsy, where a small sample of the artery is examined under a microscope, is often performed to confirm the diagnosis. If you experience symptoms suggestive of temporal arteritis, consult a doctor immediately.
Treatment Options
The main treatment for temporal arteritis is high-dose corticosteroid medication, which helps reduce inflammation and prevent complications. Treatment is usually started as soon as the condition is suspected, even before biopsy results are available, to reduce the risk of vision loss. The dose is gradually reduced over time, and regular follow-up is needed to monitor for side effects and disease activity.
Simple measures such as managing other health conditions, maintaining a healthy lifestyle, and attending regular check-ups can support overall well-being. If you experience new or worsening symptoms, especially vision changes, consult a doctor without delay.
Prevention
There is no known way to prevent temporal arteritis, but early diagnosis and prompt treatment are essential for preventing serious complications, particularly vision loss.
Takeaway
Temporal arteritis is a serious inflammatory condition that requires immediate medical attention. Early recognition, diagnosis, and treatment are key to preventing vision loss and other complications. If you notice symptoms such as headache, jaw pain, or vision changes, consult a doctor right away.