Tuberculosis (TB)

Introduction

Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It most commonly affects the lungs but can also involve other parts of the body, such as the lymph nodes, bones, kidneys, and brain. TB is a significant global health concern, especially in areas with limited healthcare resources. While TB can be serious, it is treatable and curable with proper medical care.

Causes

TB is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The infection spreads through the air when a person with active pulmonary TB coughs, sneezes, or speaks, releasing tiny droplets containing the bacteria. People nearby can inhale these droplets and become infected. Not everyone exposed to TB bacteria becomes sick; some develop latent TB infection, which means the bacteria remain inactive in the body and cause no symptoms. However, latent TB can become active, especially if the immune system becomes weakened.

Symptoms

Symptoms of TB depend on whether the infection is active or latent and which organs are affected. Active pulmonary TB (in the lungs) typically causes:

  • Persistent cough lasting more than three weeks
  • Coughing up blood or sputum
  • Chest pain
  • Fever and night sweats
  • Unintentional weight loss
  • Fatigue and weakness
  • Loss of appetite

Extrapulmonary TB (outside the lungs) can cause symptoms related to the affected organ, such as swollen lymph nodes, back pain, or neurological symptoms if the brain is involved.

Diagnosis

Diagnosing TB involves a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory tests, and imaging. Common diagnostic methods include:

  • Tuberculin skin test (Mantoux test) or blood tests (interferon-gamma release assays) to detect TB infection
  • Chest X-ray to look for lung involvement
  • Sputum tests (microscopy, culture, or molecular tests) to identify TB bacteria
  • Biopsy or imaging of other organs if extrapulmonary TB is suspected

Early diagnosis is crucial for effective treatment and preventing the spread of TB.

Treatment Options

TB is treated with a combination of antibiotics taken for at least six months. The most common medications include isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide. It is essential to complete the full course of treatment to cure the infection and prevent drug resistance. Directly observed therapy (DOT) may be recommended to ensure adherence to treatment. Drug-resistant TB requires longer and more complex treatment regimens.

Prevention

Preventing TB involves several strategies:

  • Early detection and treatment of active TB cases to reduce transmission
  • Vaccination with the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, especially in countries with high TB rates
  • Good ventilation in living and working spaces
  • Using masks and respiratory protection in healthcare settings
  • Screening and treating latent TB infection in high-risk groups

When to Seek Medical Care

Seek medical attention if you experience:

  • Persistent cough lasting more than three weeks
  • Coughing up blood
  • Unexplained weight loss, fever, or night sweats
  • Close contact with someone diagnosed with TB
  • Symptoms of TB in other organs, such as swollen lymph nodes or back pain

Takeaway

Tuberculosis is a serious but treatable infection that primarily affects the lungs. Early diagnosis, adherence to treatment, and preventive measures are essential for controlling the disease and protecting public health. If you have symptoms or have been exposed to TB, seek medical care promptly.

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *