Introduction
Frozen shoulder, also known as adhesive capsulitis, is a condition characterized by pain and stiffness in the shoulder joint, leading to a significant restriction in range of motion. The condition typically develops gradually and progresses through distinct stages. Early recognition and appropriate management are essential to relieve pain, restore mobility, and improve quality of life.
Causes
The exact cause of frozen shoulder is not fully understood, but several factors are known to increase risk:
- Immobility: Prolonged immobility of the shoulder due to injury, surgery, or other medical conditions.
- Diabetes: People with diabetes are at higher risk.
- Thyroid Disorders: Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism are associated with frozen shoulder.
- Cardiovascular Disease: Heart conditions may increase the risk.
- Parkinson’s Disease: Individuals with Parkinson’s disease are more susceptible.
- Age and Gender: Frozen shoulder is most common in people between 40 and 60 years old and occurs more frequently in women.
Symptoms
Frozen shoulder typically progresses through three stages:
- Freezing Stage: Gradual onset of pain, which worsens over time. Range of motion begins to decrease.
- Frozen Stage: Pain may lessen, but stiffness remains significant. Daily activities become difficult.
- Thawing Stage: Gradual return of range of motion, which may take several months to years.
The main symptoms include:
- Shoulder Pain: Aching or sharp pain in the shoulder, often radiating down the arm.
- Stiffness: Significant restriction in shoulder movement, making it difficult to reach overhead or behind the back.
- Night Pain: Pain that worsens at night, disrupting sleep.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis is based on clinical evaluation:
- Medical History: Review of symptoms, risk factors, and any previous injuries or medical conditions.
- Physical Examination: Assessment of shoulder range of motion, pain, and stiffness.
- Imaging: X-rays may be used to rule out other conditions. MRI may be used in complex cases to evaluate soft tissues.
Treatment Options
Treatment aims to relieve pain, restore range of motion, and improve function:
- Pain Relief: Over-the-counter pain relievers such as ibuprofen or acetaminophen.
- Physical Therapy: Exercises to stretch and strengthen the shoulder muscles, improve flexibility, and restore range of motion.
- Corticosteroid Injections: Injections into the shoulder joint to reduce inflammation and pain.
- Heat and Cold Therapy: Applying heat or cold packs to relieve pain and stiffness.
- Hydrodilatation: Injecting a large volume of fluid into the shoulder joint to stretch the capsule.
- Surgical Intervention: In rare cases, surgery may be needed to release the tight joint capsule.
Prevention
While not all cases can be prevented, some strategies may reduce risk:
- Early Mobilization: After shoulder injuries or surgery, start gentle exercises as soon as possible to prevent stiffness.
- Manage Underlying Conditions: Control diabetes, thyroid disorders, and other medical conditions.
- Regular Exercise: Maintain flexibility and strength in the shoulder muscles.
Takeaway
Frozen shoulder is a self-limiting condition that can cause significant pain and limit shoulder movement. Early diagnosis, pain relief, and physical therapy can help manage symptoms and restore function. If you experience persistent shoulder pain and stiffness, consult a healthcare provider for evaluation and personalized treatment.